Despite the extreme wealth and the military might of Magadha, its king was hugely unpopular on account of his cruelty  and the high rates of taxation he imposed on the populace. An alliance that Krishna made with the southern kingdom of Pāndyas paid off as Pāndyās, Kēralās and Chōlās supported the Pāndavas. Sadhguru narrates the story of Jarasandha’s unusual divided birth. [7][8] Later, the Mauryan Empire ended, as did the Shunga and Khārabēḷa empires, to be replaced by the Gupta Empire. Magadha and Mahabharata : Archaeological indications from Rajgir Area By jk on October 29, 2012 in History: Before 1 CE Recently ASI archaeologist B.R. - Dictionary of 10,000 Indian Kings - Part 3Compiled by london swaminathan Article No. The battle with the Lichchhavi republic was a long-drawn out affair, and we have descriptions of some of the military innovations that Ajatashatru implemented: one was a catapult that could throw heavy stones a great distance (mahashilakantaka), and another was a self-propelling, covered chariot that had rotating spears and blades attached to its wheels (rathamushal). The Magadh kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajkumar. In this installment of the Mahabharat series, a threat to the success of the Pandavas Rajasuya Yagna arises, as Jarasandha, the king of Magadha, plans his own yagna requiring the sacrifice of 100 Kshatriya kings. Martikavati also was mentioned as the capital of Salwa kingdom. shifted the capital of Magadha from Rajagriha to Pataliputra (modern Patna) and it became a very famous center of wealth, learning and power in ancient India With powerful military force, the Magadha Empire naturally had an upper hand over conquering neighborhood places and spreading their territory. The most important sources are the Buddhist Pāli Canon, the Jain Agamas and the Hindu Puranas. She was the only daughter of the bear-king Jambavan. But he was obliged to be a vassal of the Sovereigns of Magadha Empire when a brahmin king Narayana of Kanva dynasty was ruling Magadha. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Their history is a famous … Written by Anindita Basu, published on 16 September 2016 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Brihadratha was the king of Magadha. Sadhguru narrates the story of Jarasandha’s unusual divided birth. In the Mahabharata, Magadha is the mightiest kingdom in the country, stronger even than the Kurus (of whom the epic is all about). King Brihadratha or Maharatha was the founder of the dynasty and the first king who ruled Magadha. According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the earliest ruling dynasty of Magadha was founded by king Brihadratha, but Magadha came into prominence only under king Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru (ruled 491-461 B.C.E. [3], The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharvaveda, where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis and Mujavats. World History Encyclopedia. Jarasandha had powerful allies around his main kingdom: to the southwest was the vassal state of Chedi (to the south of which was another ally, Vidarbh), to the east were the allies of Anga and Vanga, and further east was the friendly country of Pragjyotishpur (modern Assam), ruled by a demon whose borders extended right up to China. Basu, A. The Magadha Empire was established very likely by King Jarasandha who was a son of Brihadratha, as it stated in the Puranas.Jarasandha appears in the Mahabharata as the Magadha Emperor who rules over India and meets with an unceremonious ending. According to Indologist Johannes Bronkhorst, the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the Indo-Aryans. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions promoted by the early Magadhan kings, such as Srenika, Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, and the Nanda Dynasty (345–321 BCE) that followed was mostly Jain. He enshrined the relics inside a stupa at Girivraj. From this dynasty, Bimbisara and Ajatasatru were famous. He attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Sarnath and the first Buddhist council was held in Rajgriha.[6]. [13] According to Bronkhorst “there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. [18] Keay states that there is great uncertainty about the royal succession after Ajatashatru's death, probably because there was a period of "court intrigues and murders," during which "evidently the throne changed hands frequently, perhaps with more than one incumbent claiming to occupy it at the same time" until Mahapadma Nanda was able to secure the throne. The Magadha kingdom did not seem to have been liked by the vedic people. The capital of Magadha was Girivraj which was sorrounded by rings of mountains & was, therefore, difficult to lay siege to. Under Bimbisara, Magadha annexed the neighbouring eastern kingdoms, and made marriage aliances with the ones in the west and north. Obtaining weapons then from Bhishma and Drona , Rama and Kripa, prince Sarangadhwaja became, in weapons, the equal of Rukmi and Karna and Arjuna and Achyuta. It increased much power and significance amid the principle of King Bimbisara and his child and successor Ajatshatru. [14] These religions also sought some type of liberation from the cyclic rounds of rebirth and karmic retribution through spiritual knowledge. Magadha Kingdom. Magadha was an ancient Indian kingdom in southern Bihar, and was counted as one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, 'Great Kingdoms' of ancient India. Magadha was an ancient kingdom located on the Indo-Gangetic plains in eastern India and spread over what is today the modern state of Bihar. 1569 Dated … Learn More. [14] Vedic texts such as the Satapatha Brahmana demonize the inhabitants of this area as demonic and as speaking a barbarous speech. Rama's … The battle of Kalingas is mentioned at various places (6-17,56,70,71,88,118), (7-4,7,11,20,44,72,90,118,138,152,191) (8 … Basu, Anindita. Gautam Siddharth,  crown prince of a country north of Magadha, wandered all over Magadha and Vatsa, seeking the eternal truth. First reference of Magadha comes in Mahabharata which states that it was founded several centuries before by a king named Brihadratha. In the Mahabharata, Magadha is the mightiest kingdom in the country, stronger even than the Kurus (of whom the epic is all about). Books By the time that Alexander had invaded the western frontiers of India, the Nanda Dynasty had expanded Magadha to the Gangetic seacoast in the east and to the Punjab in the west. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Over to the Gandharis, the Magavants, the Angas, and the Magadhas, do we deliver the fever, like a servant, like a treasure. Based on these sources, it appears that Magadha was ruled by the Haryanka dynasty for some 200 years, c. 543 to 413 BCE. Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Coin of Alexandria. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. This flight meant that Magadha's borders extended right up to the Kuru-Panchal kingdoms, where lived the Pandavas and the Kauravas. The importance of Magadha's culture can be seen in that Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism adopted some of its features, most significantly a belief in rebirth and karmic retribution. Ajatashatru also expanded his father's territories considerably; he annexed Kosala, the Lichchhavi republic, Kashi, and Avanti. Several Śramaṇic movements have existed before the 6th century BCE, and these influenced both the āstika and nāstika traditions of Indian philosophy. 2. Later, the throne of Magadha was usurped by Mahapadma Nanda, the founder of the Nanda Dynasty (c. 345–321 BCE), which conquered much of north India. [1] Suggestive of this distinction, in some Vedic and post-Vedic rituals, a "Magadha man" represents the canonical non-Vedic "outsider", the Magadhan standing in for the presence of any and all non-Vedic peoples or the ritually impure. With the exception of the Rigvedic Pramaganda, whose connection with Magadha is very speculative, no other king of Magadha is mentioned in Vedic literature. [Atharva Veda, V.22.14]. World History Encyclopedia, 16 Sep 2016. King Bimbisara was killed by his son, Prince Ajatashatru. He founded Saisunaga Dynasty, which ruled Magadha empire for next 10 generations. In Mahabharata he is generally held in negative light, owing to his enmity with Lord Krishna. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. This could also be a later interpolation as it is not clear how the forces from the far south reached the Pāndavas in time. One of the earliest references to Magadha is in the epic Mahabharata, where we see the entire Yadava clan abandoning their homeland on the Gangetic plains to migrate south-westwards towards the desert-ocean land to avoid constant battles with their eastern neighbour, Magadha. Magadha king Vasumitra defeats the Indo-Greeks at the banks of the Indus. Last modified September 16, 2016. To launch his attack across the Ganges River, Ajatashatru built a fort at the town of Pataliputra. ). Magadha king Sahadēva too was a great ally. He was the king of Magadha and was a great devotee of Lord Shiva. The Mauryan Empire and Gupta Empire, both of which originated in Magadha, saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Golden Age of India. An alliance that Krishna made with the southern kingdom of Pāndyas paid off as Pāndyās, Kēralās and Chōlās supported the Pāndavas. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated in Magadha. Related Content [4] The kingdom of Magadha eventually came to encompass Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and the areas that are today the nations of Bangladesh and Nepal.[5]. Jarasandha was a great and legendary King of Magadha and the son of a Vedic king named Brihadratha. Remains of Ajatashatru's stupaAnandajoti (CC BY). He colonized the Vanga kingdom and founded the city of Chandrakanta there. Jarasandha. To determine the dates of the dynasties of the kings of Magadh up to the Andhra dynasty, we have taken the authority of the Bhagwatam. Mani made a presentation titled Magadha and Mahabharata : Archaeological indications from Rajgir Area (via Carlos Aramayo) at the International Seminar on Mahabharata held in New Delhi in April 2012. This could also be a later interpolation as it is not clear how the forces from far south reached the Pāndavas in … The Shishunaga Dynasty (also Sishunaga/Shaishunaga Dynasty) ruled the... War was the chief means by which territory was annexed or rulers... India is a country in South Asia whose name comes from the Indus... Magadha's king Mahapadma Nanda makes massive conquests in north and eastern. The kingdom of the Magadha, before its expansion, corresponded to the modern districts of Patna, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Aurangabad, Arwal, Nawada and Gaya in southern Bihar. King Pasenadi, king of neighbouring Kosala and brother-in-law of King Bimbisara, promptly retook the gift of the Kashi province. Pataliputra began to grow as a centre of commerce and became the capital of Magadha after Ajatashatru's death. The kingdom of Magadha, was an ancient kingdom situated in present Bihar state. In 850 BCE, a brahmin warrior named Dhunji, with the help of Malava people, became king of Malwa kingdom. Magadha - Jayatsena, son of Jarasandha (6.16, 6.47, 8.5, 8.73) Māhiṣmatī - Nīla ; Prāgjyotiṣa - Bhagadatta (5.19, 5.168) Sindhu and Sauvīra - Jayadratha ; Trigarta - five brothers headed by Satyaratha ; The Nārāyaṇa army of Kṛṣṇa numbering 1 akṣauhiṇī was given to the Kaurava side. The origins of the Nandas is obscure; however, all of the texts of that period agree that Mahapadma Nanda, the kingslayer, was of low birth and a paramour to one of the queens. These Sramana religions did not worship the Vedic deities, practised some form of asceticism and meditation (jhana) and tended to construct round burial mounds (called stupas in Buddhism). Rajagriha was initially known as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be known as so during the reign of Ajatashatru. Accounts differ slightly as to the cause of King Ajatashatru's war with the Licchavi, an area north of the river Ganges. It continued to be an important kingdom, however, and was counted among the 16 principal states of ancient India. But this was not the first time that the might of Magadha had forced kings westwards. In 326 BCE, when Alexander the Great was camped at the river Beas on the westernmost part on India, his army mutinied; they refused to march further east. The Haryanka dynasty was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty. Magadha controlled the entire eastern part of the country through alliances with smaller vassal states. Krishna married her, when he defeated Jambavan to retrieve the stolen Syamantaka jewel. Two notable rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara (also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru (also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira. The last king of the Shishunaga Dynasty was killed in a palace conspiracy and was succeeded by Mahapadma Nanda. 2. There is much uncertainty about the succession of kings and the precise chronology of Magadha prior to Mahapadma Nanda; the accounts of various ancient texts (all of which were written many centuries later than the era in question) contradict each other on many points. Cite This Work His wives were the twin princesses of Kashi. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Varnavat – Situated on the banks of river Ganga, it is a city located near Meerut in Uttar Pradesh. 150 BCE) and beyond”. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern day Rajgir), then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Rama's brother Bharata, colonized the Gandhara kingdom and founded the city of Takshasila there. In 730 BCE, a descendant of the Dhunji family declared Malava an Independent Kingdom. The Kurukshetra WarUnknown Artist (Public Domain). The mighty Magadha kingdom had given way to a kingdom even more powerful: the Mauryan Empire. Ripunjaya, the 21st in descent from Somadhi was the last ruler of the dynasty, killed by his minister Pulika who installed his son Pradyota on the throne.• There is little certain information available on the early rulers of Magadha. The capital of the Gupta Empire remained Pataliputra in Magadha. During the times of Mahabharata, Kosala Kingdom was split into five. (2016, September 16). We are now World History Encyclopedia to better reflect the breadth of our non-profit organization's mission. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer Coenus, was persuaded that it was better to return and turned south, conquering his way down the Indus to the Ocean. Jayatsena a king of Magadha Kingdom; Vrihadvala the king of Kosala Kingdom; Kritavarma, a Yadava chief from Anarta Kingdom; Bhima slew Kalinga king Srutayush and other Kalinga heroes. "Magadha Kingdom." It took fifteen years for Ajatashatru to defeat them. He married the Madra princess, Savitri, the daughter of Madra king Aswapati. The details of this overthrow are unclear but it is assumed that Chandragupta Maurya had the support of the populace and the palace. There are conflicting reports about the successors of Ajatashatru but about 50 years after his death, the people of Magadha deposed the hereditory king and elected a minister named Shishunaga to the throne. [1], Some scholars have identified the Kīkaṭa tribe—mentioned in the Rigveda (3.53.14) with their ruler Pramaganda—as the forefathers of Magadhas because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts;[2] Like the Magadhas in the Atharvaveda, the Rigveda speaks of the Kikatas as a hostile tribe, living on the borders of Brahmanical India, who did not perform Vedic rituals. Alexander the Great halts his eastward march and turns back from the banks of the river Beas, Punjab. Ever since, Pataliputra has remained the capital of that province, down to this day. At around the time that Gautama Siddhartha became the Buddha, Magadha was a flourishing kingdom under its king Bimbisara. Shishunaga was succeeded by his son, during whose reign the Second Buddhist Council was held in Magadha. [10] Magadha kingdom was the nerve centre of this revolution. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.[15]. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! He fighted against Krishna for 17 times and at last Krishna shifted his kingdom from … [9] The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating. The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern Gangetic plain during the early Buddhist period. In the Atharva Veda, a charm against virulent fever speaks somewhat sarcastically of banishing the fever to the people of Magadha, inter alia. गंधारिभ्यो मूजवद्भ्यो अड़ेभ्यो मगधेभ्यः ॥ प्रैष्यन्जनमिव शेवधि तक्मानं परि दध्मसि ॥ Later, he hosted the first ever council of Buddhist monks, when about 500 of them congregated at the Magadha capital for the Great Council. The army, exhausted and frightened at the prospect of facing another giant Indian army at the Ganges, mutinied at the Hyphasis (the modern Beas River) and refused to march further east. [12], With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from Śrāvastī, the capital of Kosala, in the north-west to Rājagṛha, the capital of Magadha, in the south-east". The Empire later extended over most of South Asia under King Ashoka, who was at first known as 'Ashoka the Cruel' but later became a disciple of Buddhism and became known as 'Dharma Ashoka'. Some scholars have identified the Kīkaṭa tribe—mentioned in the Rigveda (3.53.14) with their ruler Pramaganda—as the forefathers of Magadhas because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts; Like the Magadhas in the Atharvaveda, the Rigveda speaks of the Kikatas as a hostile tribe, living on the borders of Brahmanical India, who did not perform Vedic rituals. [citation needed], Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived much of his life in the kingdom of Magadha. Way to a kingdom grouped among the western boundaries of Magadha after Ajatashatru 's stupaAnandajoti ( CC )., conquering the kingdom of Pāndyas paid off as Pāndyās, Kēralās and Chōlās supported the.! Bookmarks or links to our site on your blog or website, please update.. 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Vassal states founded Buddhism which received royal patronage in the kingdom of Magadha heavily... Made with the southern kingdom of Magadha BY-SA ) ] these religions also sought some type of from! Jarasandh as their overlord the Magadha-Lichchhavi war was the king with help from three classes of officials the. Entire stretch of land looked to Jarasandh as their overlord Villages had their own assemblies under local. Its own that predated Hinduism Malava an Independent kingdom forces from the banks river... A centre of commerce and became the capital of that province, down to this day onwards... King named Brihadratha Anga in what is now West Bengal Savitri, the daughter of Madra king Aswapati and... Jambavati is second of the country was ruled by Jarasandha son of Brihadratha local! 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