On April 8, 1839, Ross took command of the 370-ton Erebus with his friend Francis Crozier taking command of the 340-ton Terror. Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British naval officer and explorer remembered today for his exploration of the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry and, in particular, his own expedition to Antarctica. A fellow officer described him as “the finest officer I have met with … He is perfectly idolized by everyone.” When British scientists pressed for a voyage to find the South Magnetic Pole—the Magnetic Crusade—Ross was chosen to lead it. But this was the last light moment for weeks. Erebus and Terror sailed to the Antarctic to discover the South magnetic pole, examine Antarctica, and conduct numerous scientific tests according to directions of the Royal Society. Antarctic Guide > About Antarctica > Antarctic History > Early Explorers > 13 James Clark Ross (1839-43). Current time at Palmer Station, Antarctica: Current temperature: Cold. Ross joined the navy at age 11 under the tutelage of his uncle Sir John Ross. Unbeknownst to Ross, Crozier sat listening just outside the tent, having survived the expedition and told the Netsilik leader to lie to Ross. James Clark Ross was a true polar explorer having made four trips to the Arctic, wintering over twice and finding the North Magnetic Pole. Ross was the most experienced Arctic navigator to visit Antarctica. But even as sails were being furled an iceberg loomed dead ahead. SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS. In its lee he was able to inspect the damage to Terror. What did Ernest Giles cross in 1875? The only chance was the intricate maneuver “stern board,” in which a square rigger sails backward—this in a storm with the rigging and sails tied in knots. They had collected rocks and plants, taken the first Antarctic sea soundings (and established that the edge of the Barrier ice was afloat), found the Ross Sea, and, by rigorous measurement, established that the South Magnetic Pole was much further south than predicted. However, the further east they proceeded the further south lay the edge of the pack, so they crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time to reach 71°30´S 14°51´W on 5 March 1843. Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in 1840, and Charles Darwin published a paper on reefs and the formation of atolls as a result of the second voyage of HMS Beagle in 1831–1836. Sir James Clark Ross of Great Britain was the first (known) explorer to journey farther south than anyone else before, with two expeditions in 1839 (HMS Erebus) and 1843 (HMS Terror). Sir James Clark Ross, (born April 15, 1800, London, Eng.—died April 3, 1862, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire), British naval officer who carried out important magnetic surveys in the Arctic and Antarctic and discovered the Ross Sea and the Victoria Land region of Antarctica. The most dominant difference being, I knew where I was going and when I’d be back! The two vessels tied up alongside “Rossbank” on 6 April 1841. | Privacy Policy, 12 Top Tips for Travel to Ushuaia and Antarctica. In September 1838, with Ross as commander, H.M.S. Thinking of travelling to Antarctica? The ships remained trapped as the ice drifted north, and on 19 January 1842 a gale ground the ice against the ships, smashing their rudders. Subjects: BHL Collections: Antarctic Exploration & Discovery | BHL Australia | Museums Victoria. They were to winter on the Falklands, and the next day they set out on the long voyage around Cape Horn. FRS Arctic and Antarctic Explorer and Discoverer of the North Magnetic Pole who departed this life at Aston Abbots House April 3, 1862 Age 62 years. On the second Arctic expedition of his uncle, Sir John Ross, he located the north magnetic pole on June 1, 1831. All content is subject to copyright. Proceeding southeast with the fading hope of finding a seaway to the Magnetic Pole, they had already passed Cook’s furthest south on 11 January and passed Weddell’s 74°15´S on 22 January, when they reached 74°20´S and celebrated with a double ration of rum. His own Antarctic expedition of 1839–43 was undertaken to conduct magnetic observations and to reach the south magnetic pole. On the expedition, Ross discovered the Transantarctic Mountains and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror, named after his ships. He wintered at Hobart, Tasmania, and in November 1841 sailed again for Antarctica. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. But the discovery of new land was worthy of ceremony, so on 12 January 1841 Ross and Crozier landed on an island they later named Possession (71°52´S 171°12´E) and claimed and named Victoria Land for the young Queen Victoria. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Who wrote Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa? Between 1819 and 1827 Ross accompanied Sir William E. Parry’s Arctic voyages. James Clark Ross’ father, a London businessman, came from an eminent Wigtownshire family and was an older brother of Sir John Ross*, the distinguished Arctic explorer.James’ early life came under his uncle’s influence. There was fierce competition among the Antarctic expeditions of the late 1830s, and Ross was spurred on by patriotism and personal ambition to surpass his rivals’ achievements. Sir James Ross, plaster cast of a medallion by Bernhard Smith, …expedition led by British explorer James Clark Ross, which discovered the Ross Sea, the Ross Ice Barrier (now called the Ross Ice Shelf), and the Victoria Land coast. The C.A. Sir James Clark Ross 1800 - 1862. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Sir James Clark Ross FRS FLS FRAS (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle Sir John Ross, and four led by Sir William Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic … He discovered the North Magnetic Pole in 1831 before going on to make three voyages to Antarctica. Ross wrote that it was “a perpendicular cliff of ice between one hundred and fifty feet and two hundred feet above … the sea, perfectly flat and level on top, and without any fissures or promontories on even its seaward face.” Ross marked it on his chart as a Barrier, as it killed the last hope of sailing to the South Pole; it is now the Ross Ice Shelf. Few could hear Ross’s calm commands in the chaos, but his do-or-die tactic was successful and Erebus joined Terror in the shelter of the iceberg. He pushed south, sometimes through heavy ice, to break into open sea on 9 January. The two ships sailed via Sydney and the Bay of Islands to cross the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) on 13 December. Between 1819 and 1827 Ross accompanied Sir William E. Parry’s Arctic voyages. That one expedition spawned what is sometimes referred to as the 'Race to the Pole'. The ELEANOR BOLLING arrived at Dunedin on November 18 and soon left for Wellington to pick up the supplies left there by the C.A. Nevertheless, on 23 February they were again at the Barrier at 78°10´S—their furthest south, a record that would not be surpassed for 50 years. The young botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker made his name on the expedition. Omissions? He then charted the Beaufort Islands, which was then renamed Clarence Islands by his uncle. Conditions worsened around midnight and Ross ordered Erebus to heave to for the night. There was fierce competition among the Antarctic expeditions of the late 1830s, and Ross was spurred on by patriotism and personal ambition to surpass his rivals’ achievements. Ross’s was the first expedition equipped with vessels suitable for ice work—but they were still sailing ships. By: Ross, James Clark, Sir, Edition: Publication info: London :John Murray,1847. • SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS (noun) The noun SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS has 1 sense: 1. Ross’s party could congratulate themselves. The Ross … Sir James Clark Ross. Ross was orientated towards the Magnetic Pole, and he was disappointed to encounter land instead of open water. Ross wrote: "The shores of Old England came into view at 5h 20m A.M. on the 2nd of September, and we anchored off Folkestone at midnight of the 4th". He had discovered the Ross Sea, the best ocean access to the South Geographic Pole. Even at 40°W, where Weddell had found open water, they found solid pack ice. 11 Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville (1837-40), Douglas Mawson Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-14), Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09), Ernest Shackleton Imperial Transantarctic Expedition: 1914-17, Ernest Shackleton The Ross Sea Party (1915-17), Jean-Baptiste-Etienne-Auguste Charcot French Antarctic Expeditions (1903-05), Jean-Baptiste-Etienne-Auguste Charcot French Antarctic Expeditions (1908-10), Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld Swedish South Polar Expedition: (1901-04), Roald Engelbreth Gravning Amundsen The Norwegian bid for the South Pole (1909-11), Robert Falcon Scott The last voyage (1910-12), Robert Falcon Scott – British National Antarctic Expedition (1901-04), Privacy Policy: Our Commitment to Privacy. Sir James Clark Ross He was an officer in the British Royal Navy and an explorer who has been portrayed on television on AMC's "The Terror". In two strokes of luck the ships parted and Crozier found a gap through what had seemed a single berg. In the same year he was amazed This (and his Byronic appearance) won him great popular acclaim in Britain. Test your knowledge of the world’s explorers by taking this quiz. The voyage was completed after four years and five months at sea. Arriving in Hobart Town in August 1840, Ross received permission from the Governor of Van Diemen’s Land to build the observatory “Rossbank” on a hill above the town. He made his first voyage to the Arctic in But there was bad news as well as good: Ross’s national pride was pricked to learn that Dumont d’Urville and Wilkes had spent their second Antarctic seasons seeking the Magnetic Pole. Sir James Clark Ross, British naval officer who carried out important magnetic surveys in the Arctic and Antarctic and discovered the Ross Sea and the Victoria Land region of Antarctica. LARSEN arrived in Wellington on November 5, unloaded the men and supplies, and then embarked on a whaling mission. Sir James Clark Ross, né le 15 avril 1800 à Londres et mort le It explored what is now called the Ross Sea and discovered the Ross Ice Shelf. The voyage south the following summer is better known for its tribulations and celebrations than for any ground-breaking achievements. She stays in the southern ocean for the austral summer carrying out oceanographic and biological survey work in … He calculated that the Magnetic Pole was only 800 kilometers (500 miles) away, but clearly there was no direct sea route. An active volcano 3,795 meters (12,450 feet) high and covered in snow was remarkable enough, but as they approached a low white line filled the horizon. For these accomplishments, and his past successes, he was knighted and given the title "Sir" when he returned to England in 1843. The Ross Sea takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross who discovered it in 1841. Volume: 1. Trivia [edit | edit source] Both Crozier and Ross had been to Antarctica on the same expedition. An ice floe between the two ships became a dance floor to celebrate the holiday in style. Deeply lamented and regretted." He was also reckoned by some to be the most handsome officer in the Royal Navy. Series: Holding Institution: Museums Victoria. James Clark Ross was born in London on April 15, 1800, the son of George Ross and a nephew of Rear Adm. John Ross. Ross had wanted to extend Dumont d’Urville’s exploration and perhaps follow Weddell’s southward path, although he knew that no discovery could be expected along that track. A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions, during the years 1839-43 . Also on board was 22-year-old naturalist Joseph Hooker, who later brought London’s Kew Gardens to their full Victorian glory. 13 James Clark Ross (1839-43) When James Clark Ross set sail from England on 5 October 1839, Wilkes and Dumont d’Urville had already ventured into the Antarctic and had retreated to the north to wait out the winter. View Metadata. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Clark-Ross. Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d’Urville’s French expedition of 1837–40 discovered Adélie Land and later claimed it for France.…, …1843, the British rear admiral James Ross, in command of the ships, …by the British polar explorer James Clark Ross, rises in places to 160 or 200 feet (50 or 60 m) high and stretches about 500 miles (800 km) between fixed “anchor points” on Ross Island to the west and the jutting Edward VII Peninsula on the east. He had successfully located the north magnetic pole (1831) and had spent eight winters in the Arctic, having been there for seventeen of the previous twenty years. Coincidentally they again crossed the Antarctic Circle on New Year’s Day, but this time both ships were locked in pack ice. The James Clark Ross was built at Swan Hunters shipyard Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and launched on the 1st of December 1990. Although he failed to find it, he did get farther south than any other British navigator at that time and surveyed and named major Antarctic landmasses. They planned an expedition to Antarctica. At first they saw few icebergs, but some emerged through the fog and snow of 12 March. Let's start off with some places associated with Sir James Clark Ross, namesake of the island, the ice shelf and the sea, ... "In affectionate memory of Rear Admiral Sir James Clark Ross Kt. 15 April 1800, possibly in Scotland, third son of George Ross and Christian Clark; d. 3 April 1862 in Aylesbury, England. rear admiral, Arctic and Antarctic navigator, was born in Finsbury Square, London, on 15 April 1800, son of George Ross and Christian, née Clark. Ross was the most experienced Arctic navigator to visit Antarctica. Ross sailed again on 12 November and crossed the Antarctic Circle on New Year’s Day 1841, near the area that Balleny had suggested. The Ross expedition was a voyage of scientific exploration of the Antarctic in 1839 to 1843, led by James Clark Ross, with two unusually strong warships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. His own Antarctic expedition of 1839–43 was undertaken to conduct magnetic observations and to reach the south magnetic pole. The Antarctic Expedition. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In The Book [edit | edit source] Aside from a few mentions James Ross hardly appears in the book. Visit our Antarctic travel guide. With its immense,…. S ir James Clark Ross was remarkable man. By 11 March they were north of the Circle, and on 2 September they saw England again after almost four and a half years. When did James Clark Ross go to Antarctica? In 1839 the British government placed James Ross in command of an expedition to the Antarctic to try to find the Magnetic South Pole. Damn cold. Amazingly, two days later the ships were able to continue to the Falklands, arriving on 6 April. James Clark Ross was an Englishman who by 1839 was the most experienced polar officer in the world. Born on 15 April 1800, he joined the Royal Navy before his twelfth birthday. In 1841 he discovered a ‘barrier’ of ice, later to be renamed the Ross Ice Shelf. The British Royal Geographical Society chose the Ross Sea for the now famous British National Antarctic Expedition in 1901-04 led by Robert Falcon Scott. After six frustrating weeks they were finally forced to give up and resumed an eastward course. Commanding the Erebus and Terror, he discovered the Ross Sea in 1841 and, while sailing toward the position assigned to the magnetic pole, also discovered Victoria Land. He charted part of the coast of Graham Land and sailed around the Weddell Sea ice. Each year she leaves the UK for the Antarctic laden with supplies for British Antarctic and sub-Antarctic bases. LARSEN. Ross described how: “the ship was immediately hauled to the wind on the port tack … But just at this moment the Terror was observed running down upon us, under her top-sails and foresail; and as it was impossible for her to clear both the berg and the Erebus, collision was inevitable … Our bowsprit, foretopmast, and other smaller spars, were   carried away, and the ships hanging together, entangled by their rigging, and dashing against each other with fearful violence, were falling down upon the weather face of the lofty berg under our lee, against which the waves were breaking and foaming to near the summit of its perpendicular cliffs.” Half-naked seamen roused from sleep struggled desperately while Ross, according to various officers, “calmly gave the order to loose the sail … as if he were steering into any harbour.”. Will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article and... 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