Another reason for Pinochet's decision to call for elections was the April 1987 visit of Pope John Paul II to Chile. By late 1945, Pinochet had been assigned to the "Carampangue" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. According to author Ozren Agnic Krstulovic, weapons including C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers, as well as more than 3,000 M-16 rifles, were smuggled into the country by opponents of the government. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 10 March 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance with his 1980 Constitution. Segundo números oficiais, mais de três mil pessoas foram assassinadas pelo governo Pinochet. Em 1988, Pinochet convocou um referendo, já previsto na Constituição, que determinava seu direito de concorrer a um novo mandato, o que provocou uma onda de protestos populares. Nessa época, foi indicado professor da Academia de Guerra, retornando a Santiago para assumir o posto. [121] In a final assessment of his legacy during his funeral, Belisario Velasco, Chile's interior minister at the time remarked that "Pinochet was a classic right-wing dictator who badly violated human rights and who became rich. Em 1987, a PSP comprou a Valmoval, uma empresa administrada pelo Exército e recentemente declarada falida. Sends Back Pinochet Daughter," CNN, 28 January 2006, "Clashes Break out after Pinochet's death", Yahoo!News, 11 December 2006, The White Book on the Change of Government in Chile, Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet, Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) § Human rights violations, Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile, United States involvement in regime change, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, "Bush praises revival of Democracy in Chile", The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, https://academic.oup.com/jdh/article-abstract/32/1/69/4969888, "Military Dictatorship and Political Opposition in Chile, 1973-1986", http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/pinochet, National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, "Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing", Former Chilean army chief charged over 1973 killing of activists, "The Privatization Origins of Political Corporations: Evidence from the Pinochet Regime", "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "Vocal minority praises Pinochet at his funeral", Colonel's Death Gives Clues to Pinochet Arms Deals, "Augusto Pinochet, el insulso hijo del aduanero", "Alberto Bachelet Martinez and his desire of freedom and justice", "Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms", "La Corte chilena confirma el suicidio de Allende y cierra la investigación | Expansión", "Soldier confirms Chile stadium killings", Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura CAPÍTULO III Contexto, "Cool and mannerly, he was Trudeau's press secretary at a difficult time", "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. GPO for the Library of Congress. This was followed by brutal repression during Pinochet's rule, during which approximately 3,000 people were killed, while more than 1,000 are still missing. His senatorship and consequent immunity from prosecution protected him from legal action. In September 1937, Pinochet was assigned to the "Chacabuco" Regiment, in Concepción. [15] After his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people,[16] the internment of as many as 80,000 people, and the torture of tens of thousands. Bosworth, video of Pinochet arriving at Santiago airport, General Juan Emilio Cheyre, "Ejército de Chile: el fin de una visión", La Tercera, 11 May 2004, Eduardo Gallardo: "Pinochet indicted for 1973 executions,". Pinochet died December 10, 2006, never having stood trial for the crimes for which he was accused. He shut down parliament, suffocated political life, banned trade unions, and made Chile his sultanate. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (/ˈpiːnoʊʃeɪ/, also US: /-ʃɛt, ˌpiːnoʊˈ(t)ʃɛt/, UK: /ˈpiːnəʃeɪ, ˈpɪn-/,[1][2][3] Spanish: [awˈɣusto pinoˈ(t)ʃe(t)];[4][A] 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and dictator who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the president of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, before being automatically self-declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974[5][6][7] becoming de facto dictator of Chile. [31], Imediatamente após tomar o poder, o governo Pinochet colocou na ilegalidade todos os partidos de esquerda que apoiavam o ex-presidente Allende. [105], Chile was officially neutral during the Falklands War, but Chile's Westinghouse long-range radar that was deployed in the south of the country gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks. Também colocou os sindicatos na ilegalidade e privatizou a estrutura de seguridade social e várias empresas estatais. The exiles were chased all over the world by the intelligence agencies. In March 1985, the murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the junta since its formation. The deal involved 370 tons of weapons, sold to Croatia by Chile on 7 December 1991, when the former country was under a United Nations' embargo because of the support for Croatia war in Yugoslavia. During Pinochet's reign it is estimated that some one million people had been forced to flee the country.[43]. Political advertising was legalized on 5 September 1987, as a necessary element for the campaign for the "NO" to the referendum, which countered the official campaign, which presaged a return to a Popular Unity government in case of a defeat of Pinochet. Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) foi um ditador chileno que assumiu a presidência do Chile após liderar um golpe militar que derrubou o presidente eleito Salvador Allende. Exilados políticos eram perseguidos mesmo enquanto no exterior pelas agências de inteligência de Pinochet. He was the son and namesake of Augusto Pinochet Vera (1891–1944), a descendant of an 18th-century French Breton immigrant from Lamballe,[30] and Avelina Ugarte Martínez (1895–1986), a woman whose family had been in Chile since the 17th century and was of partial Basque descent.[31][32]. comissão dos Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas, Comissão Nacional de Verdade e Reconciliação Chilena, «Perícia confirma suicídio do presidente Allende em 1973», «Former Chilean army chief charged over 1973 killing of activists», «Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing», «Chile still split over Gen Augusto Pinochet legacy», «O ditador, a sua "obra", e o grande blefe do senhor Guedes», «Nova autópsia tenta esclarecer como morreu Salvador Allende», «EUA tentaram impedir posse de Allende, diz documento», Cópia arquivada em 26 de fevereiro de 2009, «Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre», Cópia arquivada em 12 de novembro de 2007, «El Ladrillo: Bases de la Política Económica del Gobierno Militar Chileno», «The Chicago boys and the Chilean 'economic miracle, Cópia arquivada em 14 de setembro de 2000, Cópia arquivada em 24 de fevereiro de 2008, «Previdência privada do Chile gera polêmica», «Tinker Bell, Pinochet and The Fairy Tale Miracle of Chile», «The El Mercurio file: secret documents shine new light on how the CIA used a newspaper to foment a coup», «El paro que coronó el fin ó la rebelión de los patrones», «Jacques - Chonchol: o Chile ontem e hoje», «El gran fraude de la historia: El plebiscito de la Constitución de 1980. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte joined the Chilean army in 1935. If the "YES" won, Pinochet would have to implement the dispositions of the 1980 Constitution, mainly the call for general elections, while he would himself remain in power as president. Em 1969 chegou a patente de General e assumiu a chefia do Estado Maior do Exército. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of Sub-lieutenant, he moved to the "Maipo" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. [142], During his lifetime, Pinochet amassed more than 55,000 books in his private library, worth an estimated 2,840,000 US dollars (2006–07). [50][51] The United States provided key organizational, financial and technical assistance to the operation. Chilean dictator, born in Valparaíso, Chile. [174][175], In 2007, fifteen years of investigation led to the conclusion that the 1992 assassination of DINA Colonel Gerardo Huber was most probably related to various illegal arms traffic carried out, after Pinochet's resignation from power, by military circles very close to himself. In 1973, the Chilean economy was deeply depressed for several reasons, Allende's government had expropriated many Chilean and foreign businesses, including all copper mines, had controlled prices, inflation reached 606%,[77][78] income per capita had a contraction of -7.14%[78] in 1973 only while in comparison to 1970 it had contracted by -30%,[79] GDP contracted by -5% in 1973,[80] and also public spending rose from 22.6% to 44.9% between 1970 and 1973 creating a deficit of 25% of the GDP,[79] while some authors like Peter Kornbluh also argue that economic sanctions by the Nixon administration helped to create the economic crisis[81] other authors like Paul Sigmund and Mark Falcoff argue there was no blockade[82][83] because there was still (just less) aid and credit as well as not a real embargo on trade; the economic and political crisis had the armed forces taking power in September 1973 with Augusto Pinochet, José Toribio Merino Castro, Gustavo Leigh and César Mendoza as their leaders. No dia 16 de outubro, enquanto se recuperava em uma clínica em Londres, foi preso pela Scotland Yard acusado no processo de um juiz espanhol por crimes de genocídio e terrorismo contra cidadãos espanhóis. © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Chilean coup d'etat. [138], World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia notes that "Although he was authoritarian and ruled dictatorially, Pinochet's support of neoliberal economic policies and his unwillingness to support national businesses distinguished him from classical fascists."[140]. Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) was a Chilean dictator born in Valparaíso, Chile. O próprio Milton Friedman, em Novembro de 1981, numa visita ao Chile, expressou suas reservas quanto ao regime de Pinochet, advertindo que “uma economia livre será difícil de sustentar a menos que seja acompanhada por uma sociedade politicamente livre. However, they simply executed him; this case was included in the Rettig Report. Pinochet's market liberalizations have continued after his death, led by Patricio Aylwin. During a 1986 protest against Pinochet, 21-year-old American photographer Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri and 18-year-old student Carmen Gloria Quintana were burnt alive, with only Carmen surviving. The US provided material support to the military government after the coup, although criticizing it in public. Protests continued, however, during the 1980s, leading to several scandals. Na sua mensagem anual de prestação de contas ao Congresso chileno, em 21 de maio de 2007, Michelle Bachelet declarou que "apoiará a moção parlamentar para declarar inaplicável a 'Ley de Amnistía', imposta pela ditadura militar em 1978, para que sejam considerados imprescritíveis os crimes de lesa-humanidade".

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