Strong verbs generally have no suffix in the present tense, although some have a -j- suffix that is a direct continuation of the PIE -y- suffix, and a few have an -n- suffix or infix that continues the -n- infix of PIE. The North Germanic languages include Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, and Faroese. The voiced stops of Proto-Indo-European ( [b], [d], and [g] sounds in English) became voiceless stops. If you’re reading this article right now, the good news is that you already speak a Germanic language: English! [note 1] Proto-Germanic itself was likely spoken after c. 500 BC,[8] and Proto-Norse from the 2nd century AD and later is still quite close to reconstructed Proto-Germanic, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo-European suggest a common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age. The slashes around the phonemes are omitted for clarity. Besides the obvious answer, German, there are at least 47 living Germanic languages around today. So, what about Afrikaans and Dutch? The contrast between nasal and non-nasal long vowels is reflected in the differing output of nasalized long *ą̄, which was raised to ō in Old English and Old Frisian whereas non-nasal *ā appeared as fronted ǣ. When the vowels were shortened and denasalised, these two vowels no longer had the same place of articulation, and did not merge: -ō became /o/ (later /u/) while -ǭ became /ɔ/ (later /ɑ/). (1979), languages with more than 3 million speakers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Germanic_languages&oldid=980471434, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 September 2020, at 18:28. If preceded within the same morpheme by only short vowel followed by a single consonant, -j- appeared. Adjectives agree with the noun they qualify in case, number, and gender. If you want to get even more specific, the subject must follow a conjugated verb if there is a prepositional phrase or adverb right before it. From these three branches, we can group all the Germanic languages we know today. English is a Germanic language as are German, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic. Phonemic nasal vowels definitely occurred in Proto-Norse and Old Norse. The period marks the breakup of Late Proto-Germanic and the beginning of the (historiographically-recorded) Germanic migrations. At least in Gothic, preverbs could also be stacked one on top of the other (similar to Sanskrit, different from Latin), e.g. Stanford, CA: University Press. A number of Celtic loanwords in Proto-Germanic have been identified.
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