[40], As Bury points out, "It is highly important to observe that Odovacar established his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate, and this body seems to have given him their loyal support throughout his reign, so far as our meagre sources permit us to draw inferences." Many Romans were taken into captivity, and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later. Also known as Flavius Odovacer or Odovacar, his reign marked the end of Western Roman Empire. His relationship with the troops, whom he had established with land and homes throughout the country, continued to be one of mutual respect and admiration, and he was noted for his humility. Armatus defected from Basilicus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. [26] At this time, Odoacer was a soldier rising through the ranks. [54][q], By this time, however, Odoacer had to have lost all hope of victory. Odovacar's brother Hunulf sought refuge in a church and was used as a target by Gothic archers...On the day of Odovacar's murder his followers and their families were attacked. As the majority of scholarship sides with historians such as Hyun and Heather, however, Edico has been identified as Odoacer's father, who was married to a noble woman of the Sciri. [54] While Theodoric was engaged with them, his ally Fredericus, king of the Rugians, began to oppress the inhabitants of Pavia, whom the latter's forces had been garrisoned to protect. Further irritating Zeno was Odoacer's support of the general Illus, who had revolted against Zeno's rule and caused him multiple problems. The city surrendered on 5 March 493; Theodoric invited Odoacer to a banquet of reconciliation and instead of forging an alliance, killed the unsuspecting king. The senate did not trust Orestes because he was not of patrician stock and had fought for the armies of Attila against Rome. Whether the initial suggestion to invade Italy and depose Odoacer came from Zeno or Theodoric is debated but most scholars believe it was Zeno who suggested it and the evidence concerning their relationship seems to confirm this. Theodoric followed him and three days later defeated him again. The Roman senate, which was still a functioning entity, approved of Odoacer and wrote to the emperor in the east (who, at this time, was Zeno) that they no longer felt a western emperor was necessary in Rome, and the empire could easily be ruled from Constantinople in the east and by a king in the west. Although some historians have regarded his reign as uneventful and claim he introduced no innovations, he was successful in maintaining order, culture, and the last vestiges of the civilization of the Roman Empire which, considering the time in which he reigned, was an impressive achievement. Also see: John of Antioch, fragment 214; translated by C. D. Gordon. Cook notes in her introduction to Magnus Felix Ennodius' Life of Saint Epiphanius, he showed great esteem for Bishop Epiphanius: in response to the bishop's petition, Odoacer granted the inhabitants of Liguria a five-year immunity from taxes, and again granted his requests for relief from abuses by the praetorian prefect. Theodoric ravaged the countryside and encountered his first resistance from the Gepid people at the Vuka River in 488 CE. He was described by Priscus as a Hun. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. It was also concluded that Odoacer was born into a Germanic tribe. Although Jordanes writes of Odoacer as invading Italy "as leader of the Sciri, the Heruli and allies of various races",[7] modern writers describe him as being part of the Roman military establishment, based on John of Antioch's statement that Odoacer was on the side of Ricimer at the beginning of his battle with the emperor Anthemius in 472. Eugippius, in his Life of Saint Severinus, records how a group of barbarians on their way to Italy had stopped to pay their respects to the holy man. Odoacer was careful to observe form, however, and made a pretence of acting on Nepos's authority, even issuing coins with both his image and that of Zeno. Their son, Thela, was forced to go on exile to Gaul. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 20 Sep 2014. But Augustus paid no heed to their petition and that caused a rage among the army. The message was clear: the West no longer required a separate Emperor, for "one monarch sufficed [to rule] the world". Web. See: Priscus, fragments 7 and 8, translated by C.D. Zeno was Byzantine emperor from 474 until 491 CE. [41] As the most tangible example of this renewed prestige, for the first time since the mid-3rd century copper coins were issued with the legend S(enatus) C(onsulto). Much of Jordanes' work has been questioned by modern scholarship, however, and most historians agree that Edico of the Huns was the father of Odoacer. [25] Orestes then proclaimed his young son Romulus the new emperor as Romulus Augustus, called "Augustulus" (31 October). He was a soldier in the Roman army who ascended through the ranks to general and was then chosen to rule after the mercenary general Orestes refused to grant land in Italy to his soldiers, and they proclaimed Odoacer as their leader. His ethnicity is generally regarded as Germanic, but who his parents were, how he was raised, or even where, is a matter of debate among historians. Theodoric had also been causing problems for Zeno. It was Edico, who had been sent by Attila as an ambassador to Rome, who revealed to Attila th… Although modern historians are rightly suspicious of Edward Gibbon's 18th century CE work (as Gibbon tends to take those sources which suit his view of history at face value and reject others, no matter how substantial, that contradict him), his evaluation of Odoacer's reign is accurate. Nonetheless, he defeated and captured Augustus in no time. [44], In 487/488, Odoacer led his army to victory against the Rugians in Noricum, taking their king Feletheus into captivity; when word that Feletheus' son, Fredericus, had returned to his people, Odoacer sent his brother Onoulphus with an army back to Noricum against him. It was reckoned by scholars like Reynolds and Lopez that ‘Adovacrius’ or ‘Odovacrius’ might be other names of Odoacer, and that he could’ve served as a soldier, fighting the Visigoths in 463 C.E. [47][m] Switching allegiances, Zeno subsequently sought to destroy Odoacer and then promised Theodoric the Great and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. On Aug. 23, 476, Odoacer was proclaimed king by his troops, and five days later Orestes was captured and executed in Placentia (now Piacenza), Italy. [12] Bruce Macbain, noting that the "ancient sources exhibit considerable confusion over Odovacer's tribal affiliation, identifying him variously as a Skirian, a Rogian and/or Torcilingian, a Herul, and even a Goth", subsequently concludes that "not a single source calls him a Hun". Odoacer. The troops then encouraged Orestes to declare himself emperor, but he declined and instead had his teenage son Romulus Augustulus (c. 460-500 CE) declared emperor. Except for the fact that he was not considered Roman, Odoacer's precise ethnic origins are not known. Gordon. Julius Nepos (430-480 CE) had been appointed emperor of the west by the eastern Byzantine emperor Leo I (401-474 CE). He soon became the most powerful man in Italy. In the course of the year 493 Theodoric had become the unchallenged master of Italy (284). 24 Oct 2020. He was said to be the son of Edeko. Odoacer (433-493 CE, reigned 476-493 CE) also known as Odovacar, Flavius Odoacer, and Flavius Odovacer, was the first king of Italy. Jones describes these coins as "fine big copper pieces", which were "a great improvement on the miserable little nummi hitherto current", and not only were they copied by the Vandals in Africa, but they formed the basis of the currency reform by Anastasius in the Eastern Empire. In 487 C.E, Zeno developed hostility towards Odoacer. The historian Herwig Wolfram comments on this, writing, "The precarious relations between Constantinople and the Italian kingdom deteriorated further when [Odoacer] prepared for an intervention in the East on the side of the anti-Zeno party" (278). She asserts instead that Odoacer was "surely Germanic, probably half-Scirian, half-Thuringian, and he may have had connections with other tribes through intermarriage". For their service to Orestes in deposing Nepos, and to augment the back pay they felt they deserved, the soldiers requested that a third of the lands of Italy should be given to them as homesteads. Odoacer (433–93) (Odovacar) Chief of the Germanic Heruli people and conqueror of the Western Roman Empire. The Germanic commander became the first non-Roman King of Italy in 476 C.E, after defeating the last Roman king, Romulus Augustus. But Edeco himself is dubbed variously a Hun or a Thuringian (228). Two days later, on 4 September 476 CE, Romulus Augustulus was deposed and the Roman Empire in the west was finished. to which Theodoric replied, "This is what you have done to my people" in reference to Odoacer's alleged tyranny and his destruction of the Rugii tribe, a people related to Theodoric's Goths. The historian Will Durant once wrote, "It is easier to explain Rome's fall than to account for her long survival" (670). Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the Trinitarian state church of the Roman Empire. Theoderic had plotted to have a group of his followers kill Odoacer while the two kings were feasting together in the imperial palace of Honorius “ Ad Laurentum ” (“At the Laurel Grove”); when this plan went astray, Theoderic drew his sword and struck Odoacer on the collarbone. On 5th March 493 C.E, Theodoric entered Ravenna and found Odoacer within ten days. In October 476 CE he acquired Sicily through a treaty with the Vandals, and throughout 477 CE  he consolidated his rule and strengthened the borders of the new Kingdom of Italy. The consent of the senate notwithstanding, it was ultimately Zeno who held the greatest power over Odoacer's rule and fate. Orestes was killed at Placentia along with his brother Paulus outside Ravenna. He invited Odoacer for a feast and killed him there. He retreated to Verona with Theodoric in pursuit, and they clashed again on 29 September 489 CE; Odoacer was again defeated.

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