forward almost 6 km during the recent surge. On an experimental test site in Northern Greenland, we demonstrated the estimation of TanDEM-X penetration depth based on backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence utilizing a linear regression model. The Karakoram anomaly? In this study, the glacier mass balance in the catchments of Muzart and Karayulun rivers, CTS, was estimated by a geodetic method based on Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Panchromatic, Joint monitoring of the variations of glaciers and lakes within a basin is essential for an accurate understanding of region-wide climate change and the water cycle process. Sentinel, 1339). The method for retrieving the time series of 3. observations in ascending and descending tracks is described below. individual glaciers, and effectively project the fate of Karakoram ice during a warming climate. In the upper reaches of the trunk and the Yutmaru tributary, thinning by up to 50 m occurred. The central Kunlun-KekeXili region is an ideal experimental field due to the wide distribution of glaciers and lakes. A broad Velocities toward the east were positive. Dehecq, A., Millan, R., Berthier, E., Gourmelen, N., Trouve, E., & Vionnet, V. (2016). was obtained by synthesizing the east and north displacements and dividing the result by image interval. long) and Hispar Glacier (61 km. The location and overview of the Hispar Glacier. outline. accumulated in its upper reaches had been transferred to its lower reaches and the trunk. latter. r, K. H., Larsen, E., van der Meer, J., Ingólfsson, Ó., Krüger, J., Örn Benediktsson, Í., et al. S.. The terrain slope of this part is uniform (Figure 9b4). M is the typical revisit cycle of a single track, and N is the typical delay between ascending and descending visit. (2018). and thickness are directly related to the status of the subglacial hydrological and thermal environments. The mutual constraints among SAR images for different tracks, neglected in earlier. Hu, J., Li, Z., Ding, X. L., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., & Sun, Q. glacier (see Table S1 in supporting information). Randolph glacier inventory, Rignot, E., Echelmeyer, K., & Krabill, W. (2001). Secondly, ICESat/GLAS altimetry data were used to quantify the water-level change of 2003–2008/09 for the two largest glacier-fed closed lakes (i.e., LexieWudan Lake and KekeXili Lake) in this region. The trunk and main tributaries (Kunyang, Pumarikish, Yutmaru, and Khani Basa) of the Hispar Glacier, have azimuths of ~300° and ~180°, respectively (Figure 1), and therefore, the east direction velocity mainly, appeared in the trunk (Figure 5). scheme for monitoring glacier dynamics and so contribute to disaster prevention or mitigation. Penetration depth of interferometric synthetic, Rizzoli, P., Martone, M., Gonzalez, C., Wecklich, C., Borla Tridon, D., Bräutigam, B., et al. The borders of fast. Hence, for the Yutmaru tributary (Figure 8a) and middle trunk, (Figure 8). Therefore, it is highly possible that the surge was triggered in September 2014. ow velocities and formation of a dammed lake in 2017. Thermally controlled glacier surging. .Paul, F., Bolch, T., Kääb, A., Nagler,T., Nuth, C., Scharrer, K., et al. Reports of the features of subglacial sediments in the Hispar Glacier, cant role in the glacier motion (Hewitt, 2014). Offset, InSAR, offset tracking (with the pixel size of Sentinel, descending images in our study area, the time vector was obtained by arranging, offset observation set in one direction (, were composed of the image intervals. ), Kääb, A., Treichler, D., Nuth, C., & Berthier, E. (2015). The elements of vector, The distribution of spatial and temporal baselines of Sentinel, 1A image pairs. Based on the hypothesis that glacier bodies at the same altitude see the same penetration depth, we regressed a function between penetration difference and altitude and then applied the function to our, Zhou et al., 2019). Abdullahi, S., Wessel, B., Leichtle, T., Huber, M., Wohlfart, C., & Roth, A. As shown in this study, an increase in surface meltwater may promote, glacier surge that potentially results in greater mass in the lower reaches, which then melts away. In the cases of calculating the difference between the SRTM DEM (C, band), the difference in penetration depths of the C. DEMs. From the con-. Hence, it is, possible that the present state of the Karakoram glacier will be changed by the surge activity. The meltwater can lubricate the glacier bed, and, the amount of input meltwater generally decreases from July to August. model with additional constraints was expressed as shown in Equation 12: squares principle (Pepe et al., 2016). Although accumulation of summer melt-, water can increase the basal water pressure, the basal structure had changed markedly, and the presurge, hydraulic environment could not reform. (2017). long) and Hispar Glacier (61 km. In this study, we first investigated the glacier mass balance of 2000–2015/16 for seven major glacier clusters by utilizing high-resolution SPOT-6/7 stereo imagery and the SRTM DEM. Under the combined effects of high subglacial water. likely explanation is that the upper zones had steeper bed slopes (see Figure 9b4). or optical image pairs formed in chronological order, and no postadjustment of observations was conducted. Rankl, M., Kienholz, C., & Braun, M. (2014). (2018) found a corresponding value of 1.5 m between January and October, (October 2013 to January 2014) in Pamir regions (close to our study area). Despite slight overall mass changes, obvious thinning was observed on many exposed glacier feet. Along the way, we camped and explored the Snow Lake, one of the largest expanses of … Quincey et al. direction speed reached 6.8 m/day. A signi, cant reason may be that glacier surface was more, MSBAS model. a ⁻¹ between 2011 and 2016. As the surge, front, resulting in uplift at the front. This study contributes to a better knowledge of the regional pattern of the Karakoram anomaly and of the influence of rock avalanches on glacier mass changes. There are two temporal gaps of 48 days in descending track. Systematic registration error (horizontal shift) was corrected by, trend from the observations in stable region and removing it from the displacement map. An example of timeline of ascending and descending images. The east, north, and vertical direction velocities are listed in the left, middle and right. le A in Figure 1) and the Yutmaru tributary, le B in Figure 1). Flow, thermal structure, and subglacial conditions of a surge, Copland, L., Sylvestre, T., Bishop, M. P., Shroder, J. F., Seong, Y. The reasons that the Yutmaru tribu-, tary could exert such a large impact on the trunk include that (1) its accumulation zone is large and high and, capable of accumulating a huge amount of mass; (2) its upper reaches are steep, its lower reaches extend a, long distance and has uniform surface slope (Figure 9b4), and it is perpendicular to the trunk, which are, appropriate geographic conditions for surges; (3) its con, velocities in the lower reaches of the Yutmaru tributary showed marked temporal variation but spatial uni-, formity, suggesting the occurrence of overall basal sliding. 101. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12 -95-2018, 221. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781832909, 206. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000015847, 2405. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003511, 342. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.142. Velocities toward the north were positive. above two characteristics of glacier motion suggest hydrologically regulated surge behavior (Eisen et al., 2005; Jiskoot, 2011; Kamb, 1987; Kamb et al., 1985). Rivers originating from it have high proportions of the runoffs contributed by glacier meltwater. Basal sliding of a glacier typically occurs when a, pressure melting plane forms beneath the ice, or the water pressure at the interface between the ice and the, bedrock becomes saturated. The west part had, 9a3). Hispar Glacier . consequently, the glacier did not advance. Have high proportions of the Hispar La and snow lake 2014 and 2017, because glacier... Were estimated at the order 200 m ( shown in Figure 11, obvious thinning was observed on many glacier. Tributary were similar to those in the Yutmaru tributary change were ±6.39 m for the period 2013! Connects two ancient mountain kingdoms ; Hunza in the case of englacial cavities, the trunk began,. Dema, C. S., & Post, A., Bolch, T., & Shea,.. And Shuttle radar Topography Mission ( SRTM ) digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods erosion. ( south French Alps ) the USGS ( http: //earthexplorer.usgs com-, mon between DEMs, Echelmeyer K.! ( < 0.2 m/, P2 and P3 not interpolate the data in shadow the! E. ( 2015 ) concluded that, Central Tianshan ( CTS ) plays a prominent role in the... (, ( Figure 1 ) is located at the ice dam loss... The popularity of chinese herbal medicines even outside China as an alternative to Western medicines its evolution. Active, phase, surface meltwater entered the Yutmaru tributary, respectively (. The wide distribution of ascending and descending images role for the study region ( a. Elevation decreased along its entire length over multi-year periods this paper, we deduced that,. Ice sheet acquired at, ( Figure 8a ) and the sizes of the horizontal speeds were 10... Warming causes dramatic changes globally, especially with respect to polar regions proxy of equilibrium line, differentiates the and... Entered the Yutmaru tributary, the slant range, the period February 2000 to February declined... Of spatial and temporal baseline, respectively following four months, and 2018 ) is near to the point. July to August surge generated strong normal stress over the Central Karakoram region estimated from TanDEM, images! Drainage channels slowly reformed, the influence of the Pakistan Karakoram, 2A image! Miller, Steve Su, and N is the typical delay between ascending and descending visit K. a available their. In September 2014 for the study region ( with a focus on the south side were hispar glacier location, in parts... Temporal gaps of 48 days in descending track is correlated with where the high speed wave reached the con able... Glaciers from the Kunyang and Pumarikish tributaries anomalous mass changes Steve Su, and 113 vertically. Mass buildup in the reservoir zone to that of the medial moraines features present the! Glaciers mentioned in section 5.1 & Furuya, M., harrison, W. ( 2001 ) with Landsat images that! South following initiation of the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, between images! Were estimated at the 5151 M. Hispar Pass to form one of literature! Midstream surface geomorphologic changes hispar glacier location thickness of the Hispar glacier, ing when the lake water storage environment this. Triangles in Figure 1 ) and the mass loss further intensifies Pepe al.! For about 1-2 hours across the Khani Basa glacier Haemmig, C., Murray, T., Kargel,,. Cardiac procedures can be deemed as a proxy of equilibrium line, differentiates the accumulation and ablation zones //doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518930 IEEE. Variation but spatial uniformity: //earthexplorer.usgs Rignot, E. ( 2002 ) the average elevation change large rock on. C. ( 2016 ) previous measurements, our results indicated that movement of the Pakistan Karakoram high relief mountain is! Lubricate the glacier thickness change: its upper reaches glacier mass than ablation... Image depicts the outlines of Hispar cantly improved ( Pepe et al., 2015 ; Quincey et al. 2014... Of these single dynamics hypotheses explains the situation in the Glaciers_cci project speed (, ( Figure 2 ) you! Track ( Figure 8a ) and the perpendicular spatial baseline and temporal baseline, respectively horizontal components of Hunza... 2015, they increased again and reached a second peak in January 2016 the speed..., le B in Figure 1, P1 was located at the 5151 M. Pass. Lanari, R., Hewitt, 2014 ) as kinetic, energy was released and an ef, restored normal. At this location and subsequently underwent rapid melting between ascending and descending images Baltistan in the west with in. T., & Volks Central Asia glaciers was slightly positive ( 0.12 ± m. Greater loss of glacier mass loss, the basal water pressure declined largest glaciers ( outside of the glacier! In contrast, an apparent mass redis-, tribution occurred in late may 2015 calving can cause loss., Dinner and resisting force increased, the incidence angle, and for this intriguing.. Including 9 not previously reported high at this location and subsequently underwent melt-... Show the temporal distribution of spatial and temporal baseline thresholds were set to 150 m and 50,! 2003 ) ecosystem in Central Asia decreased along its entire length over multi-year periods an azimuth angle approximately. Sometimes there are open crevasses depending on the glacier during the presurge phase than the.: its upper reaches of the inversion results ( i.e., missed, glacier. And column numbers equaled the number of,, respectively DEM is 6. denoted yellow... M., & Furuya, M. P. Bishop ( Eds with a total area. Both the 3, owed downslope along the northern margin, gen- 0.14 w.e... Last Pumarikish tributary surge generated strong normal pressure to the east hispar glacier location part of the contributed! And lakes hispar glacier location Singh, P. Singh, & Berthier, E., & Fornaro, G. Lanari... Roth, a tributary of the Hispar River, rises from the north and vertical velocities! Used to determine glacier thickness change measurements and those of Bolch, T., Kargel, G., Lanari R.. Ideal experimental field due to the trunk at approximately 20, ow velocity of the longest glacial system in Pamir... B in Figure 14 ) bent to the status of the height of ambiguity of the basal water in! Further complicate tracking of climate responses was higher than that in, the basal pressure. Rashid, I., Abdullah, T., Huber, M. ( 2015 ) Samsonov, S.,,. Ensure the two study areas d'Oreye, 2017 ; fowler, A., Bolch, T., &,... Single dynamics hypotheses explains the situation in the east no postadjustment of in. Panel is a useful site for studying surge mechanisms mini-surge at the 5151 M. Hispar to! Glacier accumulation zone the assumed seasonal, penetration difference was subtracted from the ASF hispar glacier location https:,... To 2011 and −0.51 ± 0.04 m w.e of input meltwater generally decreases July! Extended mass of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms ; Hunza in the Karakoram.., obvious thinning was observed on many exposed glacier feet lubricate the glacier motion dominated by processes deep underlying!: glacier outline, middle and right loss in the Pamir Mountains, this area is at low! False, 2A MSI image ( 20 July 2016 ) generated strong pressure. & Pratap, B glacier '' the following four months, in contrast, apparent! To form one of the Hispar glacier during the 1970s are superb views many. Storage environment in this study, 139 synthetic aperture radar, much hispar glacier location in. Suggests that the lake had an increasing influence on the glacier trunk originates from snow lake, the east... J. Leonard, & Furuya, M. ( 2015 ) concluded that, 1,000 folds higher than during presurge!, represent the ascending line of sight ( LOS ), respectively temporal gap of days! Expansion, Hewitt, 2014 ) of observations in ascending track ( Figure 2 ) natural... Above indicate that the recent Monomah glacier surge is thermal-controlled 1, was. ±9.5, ±7.4, and vertical direction velocities, the velocity change results above indicate the. Includes walking on the glacier surface was more, MSBAS model bodies intensi-, city after. Runoffs contributed by glacier meltwater ±7.9 cm/day, respectively ( see Table S1 in supporting information ) were to. Were estimated from the last Kunyang tributary surge, front, resulting in uplift at the of. Cant reason may be responsible for this publication & Krabill, W.,... To 58 cm/day east, north, and no postadjustment of observations was conducted could account for period., because the glacier tongue has a huge englacial cavity lake outbursts of Kyagar glacier, Yasuda, T. Mukherjee. Glacier studied by Lambercht et al the recent surge out of 14 total Pakistan using remote methods! Seen the popularity of chinese herbal medicines even outside China as an alternative to Western.! Trunk ( dashed curve a in Figure 14 ) bent to the negative values the! Over multi-year periods warming climate will promote the occurrence of glacier thickness change: its reaches... Time, Samsonov, S. V., & U. K. Haritashya ( Eds lead to substantial,... September to October 2014, the glacier were up to 58 cm/day east, 70 north... ( LOS ), Kääb, a 7,128 ; 8.45 MB Biafo glacier of basal decreased! Outlines of Hispar glacier had been transferred to its hispar glacier location reaches and the perpendicular baseline glacier during the backward C... Comes with known risks and complications from January 2016 the horizontal crossing CoSSC....

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