New York, NY: Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006. The differing properties of the raw oils call for correspondingly various pre-treatments before it can be sent to a conventional oil refinery. The oxygen within the oil, present at higher levels than in crude oil, lends itself to the formation of destructive free radicals. [8] However, Shell reported in 2007 that the cost of creating an underground freeze wall to contain groundwater contamination had significantly escalated. These estimates assume a return rate of 15%. Volume II Oil Shale Resources, Technology and Economics", "Viru Keemia Grupp opened a new oil shale processing plant in Estonia", "A Reporter at Large:Unconventional Crude", "Is Oil Shale The Answer To America's Peak-Oil Challenge? [20] Due to technically more complex processes, the EROEI for oil shale is below the EROEI of about 20:1 for conventional oil extraction at the wellhead. Different methods produce shale oil with different properties. This pyrolysis - which takes place in a ves… The initial drilling only accounts for 40% of the total cost. [30] CBT Prices from 2001 to 2006 has had a range of $10,000 to $14,000 per share, or $14,000 to $20,000 per acre foot. ", "Global oil shale issues and perspectives. This figure does not account carbon pricing, which will add additional cost. "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil", "Oil & Gas Shales, Definitions & Distribution In Time & Space. It is estimated that the current capital costs are $3–10 billion at 2005 prices. "[7][8][9] Later sold as Betton's British Oil, the distilled product was said to have been "tried by diverse persons in Aches and Pains with much benefit. After the process of extraction is complete, oil shale undergoes a process known as retorting. [7][12][13], During the late 19th century, shale-oil extraction plants were built in Australia, Brazil and the United States. [1][7], In the second half of the 20th century, oil shale production ceased in Canada, Scotland, Sweden, France, Australia, Romania, and South Africa due to the low price of oil and other competitive fuels. [34] The World Health Organization classifies shale oil as Group 1 carcinogens to humans. [21] More recent studies estimates the EROEI of oil shales to be 1–2:1 or 2–16:1 – depending on whether self-energy is counted as a cost or internal energy is excluded and only purchased energy is counted as input. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. [1] The International Energy Agency recommends to use the term "light tight oil" and World Energy Resources 2013 report by the World Energy Council uses the term "tight oil" for crude oil in oil-bearing shales. [36], Shale oil's concentration of high-boiling point compounds is suited for the production of middle distillates such as kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel. The United States Department of Energy estimates that the ex-situ processing would be economic at sustained average world oil prices above US$$54 per barrel and in-situ processing would be economic at prices above $35 per barrel. Effects of Oil Shale Technologies", United States Office of Technology Assessment, "The Sale And Leasing Of Water Rights In Western States: An Update To Mid-2003", "Co-liquefaction of kukersite oil shale and pine wood in supercritical water", "Kinetics of co-pyrolysis of Tarfaya (Morocco) oil shale with high-density polyethylene", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_shale_economics&oldid=984459253, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 October 2020, at 05:57. [4] The industry is proceeding cautiously, due to the losses incurred during the last major investment into oil shale in the early 1980s, when a subsequent collapse in the oil price left the projects uneconomic. [28], The properties of raw shale oil vary depending on the composition of the parent oil shale and the extraction technology used. Shale oil extraction methods are more flexible than traditional oil well drilling. Shale oil can also contain significant quantities of heteroatoms. It has been described that raw shale oil has a mild carcinogenic potential which is comparable to some intermediate refinery products, while upgraded shale oil has lower carcinogenic potential as most of the polycyclic aromatics are believed to broken down by hydrogenation. Oil shale must be first extracted from the ground with either underground or surface-mining methods. Oil shale must be mined using either underground- or surface-mining methods. [5] It was also reported to have been used in Switzerland and Austria in the early 14th century. However, to reduce the risk of confusion of shale oil produced from oil shale with crude oil in oil-bearing shales, the term "tight oil" is preferred for the latter. (Ten US gal/ton is approximately 3.4 tons of oil per 100 tons of shale.) As of 2008, most oil shale industries perform the shale oil extraction process after the rock is mined, crushed and transported to a retorting facility, although several experimental technologies perform the process in place (in-situ). Vol.1 History of the industry, working conditions and mineralogy of Scottish and Green River formation shales. [5], The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale-oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes (break-even price). "[23][24], The amount of oil that can be recovered during retorting varies with the oil shale and the technology used. [31][41][42] Additional cracking can create the lighter hydrocarbons used in gasoline. [40] Upgrading shale oil into transport fuels requires adjusting hydrogen–carbon ratios by adding hydrogen (hydrocracking) or removing carbon (coking). Lack of reliable studies of modern oil shale processes, poor or undocumented methodology and a limited number of operational facilities are the main reasons. An EROEI of 2 (or 2:1 ratio) would mean that to produce 2 barrels of actual oil the equivalent in energy of 1 barrel of oil has to be burnt/consumed. Oil shale economics deals with the economic feasibility of oil shale extraction and processing. Energy and the Environment-2nd ed. The pyrolysis of the rock is performed in a retort, situated either above ground or within the rock formation itself. The article stated that coal liquefaction was less expensive, generated more oil, and created fewer environmental impacts than oil shale extraction. It served as a substitute for the increasingly scarce and expensive whale oil. One opinion is that internal energy should not be counted as an energy cost because is does not have an opportunity cost, unlike external energy used in the process. China, Estonia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland produced shale oil in the early 20th century. [25], The major global shale oil producers have published their yields for their commercial operations. The process of extracting shale oil is much more difficult than the process of extracting liquid crude oil from conventional wells. This is when the mined rock is exposed to the process of pyrolysis — applying extreme heat without the presence of oxygen to a substance, and producing a chemical change. [47], Oil produced from oil shale rock fragments, This article is about synthetic petroleum produced from oil shale. A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3. Oil shale economics deals with the economic feasibility of oil shale extraction and processing.Although usually oil shale economics is understood as shale oil extraction economics, the wider approach evaluates usage of oil shale as whole, including for the oil-shale-fired power generation and production of by-products during retorting or shale oil upgrading processes. Another opinion is that internal energy is used for performing useful work and therefore should be added to the calculation. [20][22] However, EROEI then becomes a measure of environmental acceptability rather than economic viability. [20] There are different views as to if the internal energy should be added to the calculation as cost or not. The term "shale oil" is also used for crude oil produced from shales of other very low permeability formations. A Scientific-Technical Journal, "Shell's ingenious approach to oil shale is pretty slick", "Shell shelves oil-shale application to refine its research", "New directions for shale oil:path to a secure new oil supply well into this century: on the example of Australia", "Strategic Significance of America's Oil Shale Resource. Shale oil usually contains large quantities of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. obtained by combustion of conversion by-products such as oil shale gas), and therefore reducing the use of other fuels (external energy). [6] The International Energy Agency estimates, based on the various pilot projects, that investment and operating costs would be similar to those of Canadian oil sands, that means would be economic at prices above $60 per barrel at current costs. [4] In the 10th century, the Arabic physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger) first described a method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale". After achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels (160×10^6 m3), its costs would decline further to $30–40 per barrel ($190–250/m3). [6], The new 100,000 tonnes shale oil per year retort built by VKG cost EEK 1.1 billion (€70.3 million); however, it is located in the existing production site and uses the existing infrastructure. The economic feasibility of oil shale is highly dependent on the price of conventional oil, and the assumption that the price will remain at a certain level for some time to come. [4], At full-scale production, the production costs for one barrel of light crude oil of the Australia's Stuart plant were projected to be in the range of $11.3 to $12.4 per barrel, including capital costs and operation costs over a projected 30-year lifetime. Thermal dissolution involves the application of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved organic matter. [19], A measure of the viability of oil shale as a fuel source is the ratio of the energy produced to the energy used converting it (Energy Returned on Energy Invested - EROEI).

University Of Houston Baseball Stats, Johnny Cash Unchained (vinyl), Homeagain Membership, Afterglow Bandori, 2018 Canadian Figure Skating Championships, Cassie Campbell Age, Sudha Murthy Books Pdf, Best Movie Endings Of The Decade, Heroes And Friends Chords, Schitt's Creek Season 5 Episode 14, Terjemahan Lirik Lagu Dpr Live -- Text Me, The Settlers® 2: Gold Edition, The Grass Harp Sparknotes, Dregs Antonym, 28 Days Movie Questions And Answers Pdf, Hyatt Andaz Napa, César Awards 2020, Work Blazer Women's, Ella Raines Height, Mom's Organic Columbia, The Cartel Mexico, Ibiza Wiki, Kingdom Hearts Dark Road Max Level, Aladdin Songs, How Did Dan And Shay Meet, Why Does Nezuko Have Bamboo, Murdoch Mysteries Season 12 Episode 11, Colorado Fires Update, Save Yourselves Where To Watch, Trishala Dutt, Ivanhoe, Nsw, The Warden Superjail Age, Ddo Hallowed, Stevenage Fc Players, Montana Fires 2020 Map, Traces Of Love Korean Movie, Trevante Rhodes Bird Box, Temi Fagbenle Net Worth, The Foreigner Online, Pumice For Plants For Sale, Bradley Whitford Married, Southside Lyrics Lil Keke, The Ventures Pulp Fiction, A Walk On The Moon Full Movie Watch Online, Christopher Knight Patio Furniture, Richard Pryor: Live On The Sunset Strip Netflix, Lisa Vidal Ig, How Is Gabbro Formed, Mary Castle Cause Of Death, Violette Serrat Home, Braintree Chateau Restaurant, Mosquito Bite, Flexispy Demo, What Is Fran Tarkenton Doing Now, How To Get The Team Rocket Uniform In Soul Silver, Troublemaker Lyrics Weezer, Glenn Dorsey Wife, Funny Scenery Captions For Instagram, Pumice For Plants For Sale, Does Amy Die In Season 14 Of Heartland, Small Island Synonym, Kim Min Kyung Xiumin Sister, Maxwell Family, Robby Benson Net Worth, Nintendo Switch Pokémon Bundle, Dor Student Services, Dana Stubblefield Career Earnings, Sichuan Peppercorn, Brothers Cider, Buck White Obituary, Mrs Maisel Season 3, Why Did The Yearling Win The Pulitzer Prize, Noah Santiago Tisdelle, Catan 5-6 Player Extension Rules, Ram Dass Happiness, Luke Combs Hat Collection, Not That Kind Of Girl Quotes, Rossa Cerai, Baekhyun And Chanyeol Height, Christmas Images Wallpaper, Morgan Wallen Car Air Freshener, Lay Vs Lie Quiz, Norman Hooten, Global Citizen Festival 2020 Live Stream, Heartland Season 4 Episode 10 Cast, The Rocking-horse Winner Symbolism, Airstream Mechanism Diagram, Halsey Nationality, Tana French New Book,