it performs its function well. Aristotle applied the same patient, careful, descriptive approach to his examination of moral philosophy in the Εθικη Νικομαχοι (Nicomachean Ethics). Rather, “ethics” is action based on the moral principles we call virtues (ethics are like rule-sets for avoiding vice and ensuring virtues; virtues and morals are the metaphysical concepts underneath the ethics). But there is a distinctive mode of thinking that does provide adequately for morality, according to Aristotle: practical intelligence or prudence {Gk. φιλια [philia]} in particular as a vital element in the good life. Aristotle. Likewise, money (although neither good or bad alone), being what is needed to obtain most vices, is emblematic of the vices of excess. NOTE: This example list of virtues above is meant to illustrate different virtues in different “spheres,” which each have different ends (where physical ends are “health” and moral ends are “happiness”). As Plato says and Aquinas agrees, “Now goods are of two kinds: there are human and there are divine goods…” Below we can see that physical, social, and political virtues are of the human kind, moral virtues are of the “divine” kind, and practical morals bridge the gap. One’s character must be cultivated. Ethics VII 8) A clumsy archer may get better with practice, while a skilled archer who chooses not to aim for the target will not. That also means we will discuss virtue theories like Aristotle’s Theory of “Golden” Means, Plato’s Theory of Forms, Smith’s Moral Sentiments, Kant’s metaphysics of Morals, Hume empirical theories on morals, the Greek concept of arete, the Christian virtues and vices, the chivalric virtues of the Code of Chivalry, Plato and Aristotle’s ideal city state (and the related “virtues of the state“), Montesquieu’s “springs” (the virtues as they relate to different types of laws under different types of governments; the “virtues of the laws“) from his Spirit of the Laws, and other longstanding virtue theories pertaining to vices and virtues of all sorts. TIP: See also “happiness as the point of life“, “classical element theory as a metaphor“, and our “separation of powers metaphor” to better understand how to apply virtue theory to other aspects of life. Therefore, moderation is also “the chief good” of a state. There are different orders of virtues (some higher, some lower) that apply to different areas of life. But the general description has some value nevertheless, especially in its focus on reciprocity. For example, a coward will suffer undue fear in the face of danger, W.D. That means we will discuss a range of “virtue theories” pertaining to both “moral virtues” and other types of virtues (such as virtues related to specific “spheres of life,” such as statesmanship in the political sphere, health in the physical sphere, friendship in the social sphere, etc). We present a list of vices and virtues and look at vices and virtues as understood by philosophers like Aristotle and Aquinas.[1][2][3][4]. We learn moral virtue primarily through habit If we don’t understand happiness as it relates to virtue, how can we have a greater happiness theory? Spirituality is simply not the same as religion, and anyway, vice and virtue aren’t just spiritual, they are very real aspects of the natural, civil, ethical, and moral law (even when only considered empirically). Hence, we are rightly guided in life by our natural preference for engaging in pleasant activities rather than in unpleasant ones. So a miser who cares only for themselves and seeks animal pleasures is engaging in lower vices, and a sage who cares for truth and justice and seeks moderation is engaging in virtues of the highest order. The basics of vices and virtue (like so many things) were perhaps best expressed by Plato and Aristotle. means toward the end of eating well and thriftily. If one has Good Will (good intentions) and understands moral duty and the concept of balance (moderation and justice), i.e. Although virtue ethics is the theory that specifically emphasizes virtue, more broadly all these normative theories of ethics can be understood in terms of virtue and vice (furthermore, all these theories were essentially touched on by greats like Aristotle… so with that in mind, lets start by discussing the Virtue Theory of the Greeks).[6][7]. Scholars do not agree on where the name for the Nicomachean See an essay on Arete. TIP: These aren’t the only virtue theories laid out over the years, but these examples should make one thing clear, what is considered vice and virtue has fluctuated very little in the west since 300’s BC. lists the principle virtues along with their corresponding vices, SPHERE OF ACTION OR FEELING. Playing on Montesquie’s theory, using my own metaphor pulled from the ideas on this page and classical element theory to illustrate the virtues as understood by western astrology, the four “elements” (or “powers”) that form the foundation of government can roughly be expressed as: citizens, executive, legislative, and judicial. The understanding {Gk. In the ideal city state both entities thrive, but each plays a different role, each balancing each-other. Likewise, “vice” is simply the absence of virtue, that which does not lead to happiness (that which we generally consider “bad” qualities). According to Aristotle, things of any variety have a characteristic function that they are properly used to perform. Instead, virtue should be understood as any positive sentiment that leads to the happiness of ourselves and others (the “good” qualities a person can possess so to speak). soul, which governs thought. Humans are distinct above all for having also a rational from plants and animals. A vice isn’t bad in moderation, really here, the general warning will be to seek balance and avoid extremes. of morality like we do, which carries associations of sanctity or Giving to charity to lower your taxes is ethical, giving a homeless person your last $5 and skipping dinner shows a different aspect of character. Using this theory as a metaphor, the natural cardinal virtues are the ethical limiting of pure aestheticism, and the theological divine virtues are the moral attempt at embracing the unknowable. excellent character. TIP: I don’t fully agree with Aristotle’s specifics, but his concept of a virtuous mean is very in line with how things work (dualities are an abstraction of a single concept). TIP: Practice makes perfect. A virtuous person is someone who performs It only ensures our religious liberty and right and frees us from an authoritarian shoving their faith down our throat or using it as a form of control. generosity is a mean between Neither the ordinary notions of pleasure, wealth, and honor nor the philosophical theory of forms provide an adequate account of this ultimate goal, since even individuals who acquire the material goods or achieve intellectual knowledge may not be happy. thriftily is also not an end in itself but a means to other ends. There aren’t a ton of ways to stumble across a page examining the concepts of vice and virtue. Visit BN.com to buy new and used textbooks, and check out our award-winning NOOK tablets and eReaders. Here we can say each power within the state has a virtuous “spring”. a person’s life as a whole. TIP: Most concepts related to virtue and vice are metaphysical.

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