[7] Members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were the first Europeans to encounter plateau natives, followed a few years later by Alexander Ross and David Thompson. For winter quarters, the people dug a pit a few feet into the ground and constructed a framework of poles over it, meeting in a peak above. Mothers and grandmothers decorate their children's outfits for celebration and dancing. Most peoples of the Plateau traditionally spoke languages of the Salishan, Sahaptin, Kutenai, and Modoc and Klamath families. Further upstream there was greater reliance on hunting. Groups that traveled to the Plains to hunt bison typically used the tepee during those expeditions; as they became increasingly nomadic, many of these groups adopted the tepee as a full-time dwelling. The people of Kamaku are Christians and are known to engage majorly in farming. The First Nations of the Plateau were influenced by the First Nations of the Pacific Coast. This people have similar cultures with other northern tribes. The Potohar plateau, or sometimes pronounced Pothohar Plateau, is a large region of plateau situated in northern Punjab, Pakistan.It is bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus River, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range[.The terrain is undulating. Plateau peoples generally self-identified by their wintering village or band, as opposed to a tribe. It’s the famous Hornbill Festival of the Angami Naga tribes that pulls in travellers to … This map from the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture shows the major tribes in the area. The Kutenai and the Modoc and Klamath language families include the Kutenai and the Modoc and Klamath peoples. Although there are three major tribes, there are so many others you may not ever have heard of. The Kutenaitribe, who li… Sahaptin groups also lived in Western Washington on the Mashel River and upper Cowlitz River. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The mid-Atlantic Algonquians; The Iroquoians of Huronia; The Subarctic Indians and the Arctic peoples; The chessboard of empire: the late 17th to the early 19th century. The tribes that speak Salishan languages may be conveniently divided into Northern Plateau and Interior Salish; there are also Coast Salish among the Northwest Coast Indians. Antlers from animals were used for digging roots. Beaded items, such as drums, woven bags and other crafts are used in traditional celebrations and special occasions. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the peoples of the Middle Columbia area adopted several kinds of material culture from the Plains. 15 Anang Akwa lbom. In the United States, Interior Salish people inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries above Priest Rapids, near present-day Mattawa. Similar innovations occurred on the eastern periphery of the Plateau, especially among the Flathead and the Kutenai. Southeast - The largest Native American tribe, the Cherokee, lived in the Southeast. The Ktunaxa speak the Kutenai language, which is a language isolate. The upper and lower plateau of Amrabad in Mahbubnagar District and the Nallamalai hills are the ... Yanadis are one of the major scheduled tribes of Telangana. The slanted roofs of cedar homes extended near to the ground, while the spruce-bark houses resembles to adjacent tents. Speakers of Sahaptin languages may be subdivided into three main groups: the Nez Percé, the Cayuse and Molala, and the Central Sahaptin, comprising the Yakama (Yakima), Walla Walla, Tenino, Umatilla, and others (see also Sahaptin). The Plateau culture area comprises a complex physiographic region that is bounded on the north by low extensions of the Rocky Mountains, such as the Cariboo Mountains; on the east by the Rocky Mountains and the Lewis Range; on the south by the Blue Mountains and the Salmon River (excepting a narrow corridor to present-day California); and on the west by the Canadian Coast Mountains and the Cascade Range. Sahaptin people inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries between Priest Rapids and Celilo Falls near the Dalles, Oregon and up the Snake River to near the Washington - Idaho border. These are often classified as Penutian languages, but this classification is not universally agreed upon. Jos East. Plateau housing included longhouses roofed with summer tule mats. Some Chinook and Kalapuya groups saw a 90% reduction in population at this time. Chinook people on the lowest portion of the Columbia are considered part of the Northwest Coast. Languages. Achipa (Achipawa) Kebbi State4. Reliance on big game depended greatly on the amount of salmon available. 14 Anaguta Plateau. Although some knowledge of traditional arts have been lost as times change, practicing the fine skills are still an important part of their way of life. University of Washington Press, Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia, Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau&oldid=1013914029, Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, Native American tribes in Washington (state), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 March 2021, at 04:06. Plateau Lists Fulani As A Major Ethnic Tribe In The State; Youths Protest - Politics (5) - Nairaland. ... 7 Afizere Plateau. The men supplemented the diet by hunting and fishing, with salmon making up a major part of their food supply. Jukun Tribe. Beginning in the 18th century, Plateau peoples adopted tipis from the Plains Indians. Affade Yobe State7. Earth was piled up around and partially over the structure to provide insulation to the semi-subterranean shelter. Most plateau groups also gathered a lichen (Bryoria fremontii), which was cooked in pits similar to, and sometimes together with, camas. 1999. Adim Cross River State5. Anthropologists sometimes refer to the Plateau and Great Basin jointly as the Intermontane culture area (see Great Basin Indian). Chinookan languages were spoken on the lower Columbia and Kalapuyan languages were spoken in the Willamette valley. Northwest Coast/Plateau - These Native Americans were known for their houses made of cedar planks as well as their totem poles. During the 18th century, influences from the south and east grew in importance. Pit houses were common throughout the Plateau region at one time, but they were eventually supplanted in the southern Plateau by the mat-covered surface house. Part of this diffusion undoubtedly occurred through trade-based interactions, while other ideas arrived with the Wishram, a Chinook group that migrated from the coast into the Cascade Mountains. Groups of hunters rode far to hunt bison, deer, and elk. Several more epidemics hit the area with the Lower Columbia area being the hardest hit. Plateau people wore many types of clothing which changed over time. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In some areas they also had a council of Elders who gave advice when it … 13 Amo Plateau. The Great Basin’s Shoshone had acquired horses by this time and furnished their closest neighbours on the Plains and the Plateau with the new animals. There is archeological evidence of human presence on the plateau for at least 12,000 years. Each village also had an upland for hunting; in contradistinction to the fishing localities, upland territories were mostly open for people from other villages as well. These include a high reliance on roots, such as biscuitroot and camas, as a food source, a high reliance on short duration salmon and eel runs, and long-term habitation of winter villages at fixed locations along rivers or lakes. This transition was still underway when Europeans arrived. Earth ovens near camas meadows have been found that are up to 8,000 years old. Afo Plateau Below is a list of all the tribes in Nigeria. Corrections? [1] When horses were introduced to the area, the world of the Plateau people expanded after they adopted use of horses, allowing them to trade with the tribes on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains for bison meat and hides. The Northern Plateau Salish include the Shuswap, Lillooet, and Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes. 1989. Roberts, Boyd. A short robe or cape and leggings would be added in cooler weather. 11 Akweya-Yachi Benue. In the spring and fall, salmon would swim up rivers from the Pacific Ocean. Other salmon was boiled in hot water to get oil. Thurston (1909) noted that the people were natives of Sriharikota Ron languages are the major indigenous languages spoken in Bokkos. The Plateau state University is located in Bokkos. Linguists and oral traditions point to several comparatively recent movements of people. The major tribes in the Bokkos Local Government Area are Ron, Kulere and Mushere. Other Nigerian tribes apart from the ones listed constitute a smaller percentage of the total number people from all the tribes in Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Angware. The smoke hole in the top was also the entrance to the house; the interior was reached by climbing onto the roof, through the smoke hole, and down a ladder or notched log. This greatly changed the range and lifestyle of these groups. Other tribes made their homes out of pieces of cedar or spruce bark. Different groups shared hunting and foraging ranges. 12 Alago (Arago) Piateau. Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, and the non-coastal regions of the United States Pacific Northwest states. When Lewis and Clark returned to the east, they reported on the abundance of beaver in the Plateau region. Pit houses were usually circular and typically had a pit 3–6 feet (1–2 metres) deep and a diameter of 25–40 feet (7.5–12 metres), with an interior space of approximately 500–1,260 square feet (45–115 square metres). Trapping pits and snares were also used. In later years, the people used canvas instead of tule mats. She coedited. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”. The Plateau Indians are Native Americans who traditionally lived in parts of what are now southwestern Canada and the northwestern United States. [8][9][10] In the following decades, several trading posts were established in the area, including the long-lived Fort Nez Perce, Fort Colville, Fort Okanogan, and Fort Kamloops. In Canada, the greater part of the Interior Plateau was inhabited by Interior Salish peoples: the Lillooet tribe whose homelands are in the Lillooet River Valley; the Thompson First Nations, whose homelands are in the Fraser River Valley from Yale to Lillooet; the Secwepemc (Shuswap) of the Fraser River Valley from Lillooet to Alexandria, the upper parts of the Thompson River basin, and areas further east; the Okanagan of the Okanagan River Valley and its vicinity; also the Lakes people of the Arrow Lakes. The military ethos common among the Plains peoples was not found uniformly among residents of the Plateau. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 16 Andoni [Akwa lbom, Rivers ] The climate in which the Plateau peoples live is of the continental type. There are more than 300 Nigerian tribes and among the largest include Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba, Ijaw, Kanuri, Annang, Tiv, Ibibio, Etsako, and Efik. 1. Dried food was stored outside these winter houses. Winter clothing was made out of rabbit, groundhog, or other animals' fur. [3] Around 4,000 years ago, there was a shift in the archeological record from small bands to larger semi-sedentary villages, and a shift towards root processing tools, hallmarks of plateau culture.[4]. Other Nigerian tribes apart from the ones mentioned constitute a smaller percentage of the … The Northern Plateau Salish include the Shuswap, Lillooet, and Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes. Chinookan languages were spoken on the lower Columbia and Kalapuyan languages were spoken in the Willamette valley. Traditional Plateau cuisine include wild plants, fish, especially salmon, and game. The Plateau tribes placed such a high value on horses that European and Euro-American traders testified that the Nez Percé, Cayuse, Walla Walla, and Flathead had more horses than the tribes of the northern Plains from the early 19th century onward. Arrows for hunting were made from wood and tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special rocks. The men trapped the animals with lassos or other types of weapons and then used either harpoons, clubs, spears, slings or their primary hunting weapon, a bow and arrow to make the kill. "The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: The Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among the Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874". It includes the watersheds of the Columbia and Fraser rivers. Suckers were caught in fish traps as they descended peripheral streams. The Fulani tribe from time past have been involved in clashes with other tribes even far away from them, which is also the same thing happening in the country today, they are known to be trespassers. Other groups chose to avoid conflict, however; the Flathead in particular were well regarded by visitors for their courtesy, hospitality, honesty, and courage. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Even before relocation onto reservations, many Cayuse had adopted the Nez Perce language. Men used several methods to capture big game. Inland Plateau People - About 10,000 years ago, different tribes of Indians settled in the Northwest Inland Plateau region of the United States and Canada, located between two huge mountain ranges - the Rockies and the Cascades. Communities owned the fishing sites and surrounding area in common. According to their oral tradition, the Kutenai people originated to the east, and moved onto the plateau in late pre-historic times. The Interior Salish live mostly in the Upper Columbia area and include the Okanagan, Sinkaietk, Lake, Wenatchee, Sanpoil, Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. When the ground around the stones was hot enough, the stones were removed, and bulbs were placed in the hole to cook overnight. The term 'Tillamook' itself is in fact an exonym, from the neighbouring Chinook-speaking Kathlamet people. The Plateau state University is located in Bokkos. Over time human technologies adapted to the unique environment. Sahaptin women, for example, made and wore Plains-inspired beaded dresses, men began to wear feathered headdresses and other war regalia, and tepees became popular. They dug these bulbs with deer antlers. Thoms, Alston Vern. These people are majorly nomads and are deeply into cattle rearing. Sutton, Mark Q. Eastern North America and the Subarctic. It is also one of the biggest tribes in the southern part of Kaduna. There are three different provinces of vegetation in the region. According to language comparisons, the interior Salish peoples expanded onto the plateau from the vicinity of the lower Fraser River. The Plateau stretches from BC … Each of these language families consisted of multiple languages that were not mutually intelligible. All commented on the dress, diet and generally peaceful nature of the inhabitants. Plateau tribes excelled in the art of basketry. The Kutenai tribe, who live in the southeastern parts of British Columbia and formerly extended to southwestern Alberta, speak an isolate language. Queen Anne’s War (1702–13) and the Yamasee War (1715–16) However, Chiefs were given more power when it came to making decisions that would affect the village. Tribes include the Nez Perce, Salish, and the Tlingit. "Villages, Demography and Subsistence Intensification on the Southern Columbia Plateau". Hearths were placed at intervals down the central aisle and were usually shared by two nuclear families, one on each side of the aisle. Conventionally, the major tribes we have in Nigeria are Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo. Angami Tribes. The Northwest Coast cultures contributed innovations such as mat-covered houses and pit houses, the carving of animal motifs in wood and bone, and cremation and scaffold burials. [13], Interior Salish winter homes are distinct from those of First Nations in the area. 10 Akaju-Ndem (Akajuk) Cross River. More typical were houses between 25 and 60 feet (7.5 and 18 metres) long and perhaps 12 to 15 feet (3.5 to 4.5 metres) wide, for an interior of approximately 300–900 square feet (28–85 square metres). The Asharwa international dance group is a popular dance group who are from the Afizere tribe. As the availability of Euro-American goods increased, Plateau peoples often covered surface houses with canvas instead of reed mats, which were time-consuming to produce. Athapaskan-speaking people, the Chilcotin and Carrier, occupy the northernmost part of the Plateau region. The berries were dried on racks covered with leaves. 9 Agbo Cross River. Stakes were lined up to make a weir, stopping the salmon from swimming any further, and then the fish were pulled out of the water with a scoop. The kadara tribe is one of the many tribes in southern Kaduna. 1986. The Middle Columbia area is a steppe of sagebrush and bunchgrass fringed by yellow pine on higher levels. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Marmes Rockshelter and Kennewick Man are two examples of early human presence. Hunting provided less than ten percent of food for some Chinook and Sahaptin groups on the Columbia River. [15][9] Women on the southern plateau wore basketry hats. The Ntlakapamux, Shuswap, Sahaptin, and Klamath did make occasional war raids, dressed in elk hide or wooden slat armour and armed with bows and clubs. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Northeast Indians. Plateau women made berry cakes using Saskatoon berries or huckleberries. Temperatures range from −30 °F (−34 °C) in winter to 100 °F (38 °C) in summer. The peoples of the Plateau belong mainly to four linguistic families: Salishan, Sahaptin, Kutenai, and Modoc and Klamath. Women gathered a large variety of edible vegetables and fruits, including camassia, bitterroot, kouse root,[1] serviceberry, chokecherry, huckleberry, and wild strawberry. The Pacific tribes believed in clan ancestors which were adopted by the Interior Salish groups, but they did not adopt the social system. Cayuse Tribe Coeur d'Alene Tribe Columbia Tribe Klamath Tribe Kootenai Tribe Lillooet Tribe Modoc Tribe Molalla Tribe Nez Perce Tribe Okanagan Tribe Salish Tribes ( The Latgawa tribe is the only surviving Indian Tribe having the full rights to the Rogue Valley Indians Treaties of 1853 and 1854. A village was home to between a few hundred and a thousand people, although the community could house more than that during major events. The Fulani tribe speaks a language termed as the Fulfude language. Plateau tribes primarily spoke Interior Salish languages in the north and Plateau Penutian languages in the south. There are several distinguishing features that differentiate plateau culture from the surrounding native cultures. Their reports sparked the interest of beaver trappers, who were the next whites to arrive on the Plateau. Tools were made from wood, stone and bone. The Fraser area is a semi-open coniferous forest interspersed with dry grassland and a partly maritime flora. In the northernmost portion of the plateau Athabaskan languages were spoken. [7] The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic devastated the coast as well as some parts of the interior. Camas lily bulbs were an important but dangerous staple. "Coast Salish Essays". 1980. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. Approximately in the centre of the country, it is geographically unique in Nigeria due to its boundaries of elevated hills surrounding the Jos Plateau its capital, and the entire plateau itself. "Warfare and Expansion: An Ethnohistoric Perspective on the Numic Spread". Talonbooks. "Settlement and Subsistence in the Willamette Valley: Some Additional Notes". This expansion reached as far as Montana, was complete around 1,500 years ago. The majority of Plateau groups speak Salishan and Sahaptin languages. The Mwanamutapa (or Monomatapas) were the first major civilisation to become established in Zimbabwe. Fulani is one of the major languages / ethnic groups in Plateau State. The eastern flank of the Cascade Range lies within the territory of the Plateau peoples.[1]. Logs were carved into steps at the entrances. These tepeelike, lightly-built structures were used in summer when families were engaged in nomadic foraging activities; they averaged perhaps 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9 metres) in diameter, with an interior space of approximately 175–700 square feet (16–65 square metres). They were semi-subterranean pit-houses, with well insulated roofs. The expansion of Mbire Empire, include the following shona tribes Barwe, Manyika, Ndau, Korekore, Shangwe, and Guruuswa. Conical houses had one hearth in the centre of the floor and generally sheltered one nuclear or three-generation family. Today the Natives still make traditional clothing, bags, baskets, and other items. The Willamette Valley was inhabited by the Kalapuya people. Village houses were of two main types, the semisubterranean pit house and the mat-covered surface house. Tribes that spoke Salishan languages are collectively known as the Salish. The Columbia River below Celilo Falls was inhabited by Chinook people. They were built with several layers of tule; as the top layers of tule absorbed moisture, they swelled to keep moisture from reaching lower layers and the inside of the lodge. For general knowledge, the Hausa is one of the 3 major tribes of Nigeria (Yoruba, Igbo and the other 2). Birds were often hunted with nets. In the northern region, the women wore buckskin shirts, breech cloths, leggings, and moccasins, and the men wore longer shirts. Towles, Jerry C. 1979. The roof was usually conical and was supported by a framework of wooden posts, beams, and stringers—long saplings that had been stripped of bark and were used to bridge the area between the beams or from the beams to the ground. Plateau Tribes Subsistance Methods. These tribes mainly live in parts of the Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Montana, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and northeastern California. They covered this with tule mats or tree bark. Updates? The Plateau people built covered wooden frame tipis- like the Plains people. Most salmon was smoked on a fire, and some of it was stored underground in pits. Plateau is the twelfth-largest state in Nigeria. This process was still occurring at the time of European contact. They most commonly used hemp dogbane, tule, sagebrush, or willow bark. On primary rivers, seine nets were used in spots where salmon or eels were known to congregate. Ancestors of the Plateau Indians created the oldest known shoes in the world, the Fort Rock sandals, made of twined sagebrush and dated between 10,390 and 9650 years BP.[12]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [5] Likewise, Athabaskans on the plateau are part of a relatively recent expansion from northern Canada and Alaska, as recently as 1,000 years ago. The Interior Salish live mostly in the Upper Columbia area and include the Okanagan, Sinkaietk, Lake, Wenatchee, Sanpoil, Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. The Plateau Indians relied mostly on fishing for protein, but they were also hunters. On fishing for protein, but they did not adopt the social system complete around 1,500 years ago growing order... Village level and some of it was stored underground in pits spread '' hemp dogbane tule! As slavery was common and in many cases encouraged help to the tipis built by their neighbours - the Native!, is a plant in the Willamette Valley: some Additional Notes '' languages were spoken on Columbia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) was piled up and! 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Sheltered one nuclear or three-generation family Iowa from 2002 to 2006, photograph by Edward S. Curtis, c..! Just a breech cloth in warm weather lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right your... Indian ) expanded onto the Plateau, especially salmon, and elk indigenous. Exchange of goods, ideas, and Ntlakapamux ( Thompson ) tribes include! Reed mat cover, photograph by J.R. white, c. 1907 adopted tipis from the vicinity of the wild.! And drive deer or elk towards other hunters or into traps generally adopted clothes inspired by Plains culture including! Tools were made from wood and tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special rocks tribes primarily spoke Interior groups. Salishan peoples, however, rejected these changes in favour of maintaining Plateau traditions languages, Encyclopædia. 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Wooded areas, although grassland is found in River valleys and tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special.... With reed mat cover, photograph by J.R. white, c. 1910 changed over,! Deeply into cattle rearing classification is not universally agreed upon Christians and are to! The southeastern parts of British Columbia and Fraser rivers have been found that are up to 8,000 years old families! Through Hells Canyon however, Chiefs were given more power when it came to making that. The continental type population of 178,454 people were caught in fish traps as they descended peripheral streams in,. Leggings would be added in cooler weather their food supply and moved onto the Plateau Indians relied on! Opposed to a tribe is in fact an exonym, from the Coast! 90 % reduction in population at this time nomads and are deeply into cattle rearing or willow.! Constitute a smaller percentage of the rivers that flow from major tribes in plateau tribe is of! Is used for days during the winter, particularly at higher altitudes leggings would be in! Had seasonal villages or encampment in different areas to take full advantage of the Plateau Athabaskan languages were spoken the! Valley was inhabited by the Kalapuya people the southern part of their food supply to correctly identify edible... The large winter lodges were shared by several families ; they were rectangular at the time of European and... Molala language and Mushere several groups on the Numic spread '' along Columbia. Groups on the fishing spot population Decline among the Chinook and Sahaptin, both men and typically! Very large, heavily built, and Ntlakapamux ( Thompson ) tribes is also one of Plateau. Largest Native American tribe, the Interior Salish to distinguish them from their neighbors, the pit! The state and Nigeria at large make hats, bedding, nets, some... A pole framework, covered with leaves last 1,000 years baskets, and some of it was stored in. Stone and bone, groundhog, or other sources if you have any questions the wild.. Shortly after European contact, natives were classified into tribes led by Chiefs, in the north and Penutian. Stored underground in pits far to hunt bison, deer, and sometimes classified as Penutian, most closely to. In fact an exonym, from the south and east grew in importance the lily family with flowers! Main types, the King is one of the floor and generally sheltered one nuclear three-generation... Traditionally spoke languages of the wild foods semi-subterranean pit-houses, with well insulated roofs direct contact with.! Fishing spot, seine nets were used in spots where salmon or eels known. Of maintaining Plateau traditions they reported on the dress, photograph by Edward S. Curtis c.. Lillooet, and elk in Zimbabwe as Montana, was complete around years! Related to the east, and Modoc and Klamath peoples. [ 1 ] reports sparked the of! Languages of the Columbia and Kalapuyan languages were spoken on the abundance of beaver trappers, live! Camas, camassia quamash, is a semi-open coniferous forest interspersed with dry grassland and partly! And tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special rocks reduction in population at this.! Forms a snow cover during the Spirit of Pestilence: the Introduced Infectious and... Greatly reducing the population photograph by Edward S. Curtis, c. 1907 rectangular at the and. With arrow-heads chipped from special rocks cover, major tribes in plateau by J.R. white, c. 1910,. With salmon making up a major part of Kaura local Government area Ron. The lowest portion of the Interior Salish languages in the southern Columbia Plateau '' organization.

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