0000013785 00000 n (Jan. 5, 2011) http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/GravitationalConstant.html, Weisstein, Eric W. "Kepler's Laws." �5� �:�W%�����z�������Đ��ӓ�&S`�`���m��)VQ vC`�%שsb����vV���H�K��ppk6�0[�(Тȣ Cxr[��79v'��}�;��DΘ@���v���C�2�ޖ��0IYm��9�ѡ�.W=EgBBr�P5`, Scientists are generally expected to exchange research data as well as unique research materials that are essential to the replication or extension of reported findings. ��wtt4��J&�@v�ͨl�Z�00*�������1(��C��]`⌂J��EL�@�P���5��H�H�9�N0��[Uv��:.,(d }�\C�|�@.� � As members of a professional group, scientists share a set of common values, aspirations, training, and work experiences.6 Scientists are distinguished from other groups by their beliefs about the kinds of relationships that should exist among them, about the obligations incurred by members of their profession, and about their role in society. In some cases of alleged misconduct, the inability or unwillingness of an investigator to provide. Some scientific journals now require that full data for research papers be deposited in a centralized data bank before final publication. 1980 0 obj <> endobj 20. But there is uncertainty about the extent to which individual scientists adhere to such norms. Authorship of original research reports is an important indicator of accomplishment, priority, and prestige within the scientific community. It is a violation of the most fundamental aspect of the scientific research process to set forth measurements that have not, in fact, been performed (fabrication) or to ignore or change relevant data that contradict the reported findings (falsification). In order to foster good mentorship practices for all research trainees, many groups and institutions have taken steps to clarify the nature of individual and institutional responsibilities in the mentor–trainee relationship.27. Verifiable facts always take precedence. endstream endobj 1992 0 obj<> endobj 1993 0 obj<> endobj 1994 0 obj<>stream 12. The task of systematizing and extending the understanding of the universe is advanced by eliminating disproved ideas and by formulating new tests of others until one emerges as the most probable explanation for any given observed phenomenon. In evaluating practices that guide research endeavors, it is important to consider the individual character of scientific fields. Evaluation of the accomplishments of individual scientists often involves not only the numbers of articles that have resulted from a selected research effort, but also the particular journals in which the articles have appeared. years, the absence of formal statements by research institutions of the principles that should guide research conducted by their members has prompted criticism that scientists and their institutions lack a clearly identifiable means to ensure the integrity of the research process. Plagiarism. In broadest terms, scientists seek a systematic organization of knowledge about the universe and its parts. Having a strong, meaningful story creates a sense of community. The role of chance in mutation and natural selection is great, and the future directions that evolution may take are essentially impossible to predict. In such situations, precise replication of the original result is commonly not attempted because of the lack of identical reagents, differences in experimental protocols, diverse experimental goals, or differences in personnel. For most academic laboratories, local customary practice governs the storage (or discarding) of research data. Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity. Junior researchers have raised concerns about treatment of their contributions when research papers are prepared and submitted, particularly if they are attempting to secure promotions or independent research funding or if they have left the original project. A copy of the full paper, “Mentorship and the Research Training Experience,” is included in Volume II of this report. In addition, however, erroneous information can also reach the scientific literature as a consequence of misconduct in science. The methods by which individual scientists and students are socialized in the principles and traditions of science are poorly understood. Taylor strongly believed that one has to ascertain management with scientific precision rather than sticking to the decision making of the management. "Relativity and the Cosmos." The investigator has a fundamental responsibility to ensure that the reported results can be replicated in his or her laboratory. Responsible practice requires that scientists disclose the basis for omitting or modifying data in their analyses of research results, especially when such omissions or modifications could alter the interpretation or significance of their work. Until the past decade, scientists, research institutions, and government agencies relied solely on a system of self-regulation based on shared ethical principles and generally accepted research practices to ensure integrity in the research process. Other stipulations include that the material not be passed on to third parties without prior authorization, that the material not be used for proprietary research, or that the donor receive prepublication copies of research publications derived from the material. In situations where both kinds of influence exist, it is particularly important for scientists to be forthcoming about possible sources of bias in the interpretation of research results. For example, some journalists have criticized several prominent scientists, such as Mendel, Newton, and Millikan, because they “cut corners in order to make their theories prevail” (Broad and Wade, 1982, p. 35). Einstein's theory of general relativity changed our understanding of the universe. For example, loyalty to one's group of colleagues can be in conflict with the need to correct or report an abuse of scientific practice on the part of a member of that group. But this situation operates only under conditions of freely available information and unconstrained choice —conditions that usually do not exist in academic research groups. This is a practical application of the Pareto Principle, the economic law that 80 percent of your results come from 20 percent of your actions. These in turn depend on available technology, the use of proper statistical and analytical methods, and the skills of the investigator. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. For any given report, “correctness” is limited by the following: The precision and accuracy of the measurements. 1982 0 obj<>stream 6. Principles of physical science, the procedures and concepts employed by those who study the inorganic world.. The result of a two-year study by a panel of experts convened by the National Academy of Sciences, this book critically analyzes the impact of today's research environment on the traditional checks and balances that foster integrity in science. Who determines who can give talks on the experiment? The strength of theories as sources of the formulation of scientific laws and predictive power varies among different fields of science. The same report examined obstacles to data sharing, which include the criticism or competition that might be stimulated by data sharing; technical barriers that may impede the exchange of computer-readable data; lack of documentation of data sets; and the considerable costs of documentation, duplication, and transfer of data. 23. See, for example, the proposal by Pigman and Carmichael (1950). For the past few decades, many companies … 0000005170 00000 n Your IP: 158.69.250.40 Interpretation and speculation regarding the significance of the findings—judgments that depend on expert knowledge, experience, and the insightfulness and boldness of the investigator. ? Concerns about misconduct in science have raised questions about the roles of research investigators and of institutions in maintaining and providing access to primary data. Such systems are also a source of additional research expense, often borne by individual investigators. Note that these general guidelines exclude the provision of reagents or facilities or the supervision of research as a criteria of authorship. According to a study recently conducted at MIT and published in the Harvard Business Review, the most effective teams "talk and listen in equal measure, equally among members while lower performing teams have dominant members, teams within teams, and members who talk or listen but don't do both.". For more complete discussions of peer review in the wider context, see, for example, Cole et al.

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