On 8 September 1514, the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, fought the Battle of Orsha against the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Golitsin. After the baptism in 1252 and coronation of King Mindaugas in 1253, Lithuania was recognized as a Christian state until 1260, when Mindaugas supported an uprising in Courland and (according to the German order) renounced Christianity. Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius. [11] However, unsuccessful wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow forced the union to remain intact. The rapid territorial expansion started at the late reign of Gediminas[7] and continued to expand under the diarchy and co-leadership of his sons Algirdas and Kęstutis. [57] With the Union of Lublin, 1569, Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown. (2003). Around 1307, Polotsk, an important trading centre, was annexed by military force. In 1333 and 1339, Lithuanians defeated large Mongol forces attempting to regain Smolensk from the Lithuanian sphere of influence. In December 1812, Vilnius was recaptured by Russian forces, bringing all plans of recreation of the Grand Duchy to an end. [...] не обчымъ яким языкомъ, але своимъ властнымъ права списаные маемъ [...]; Dubonis, A. partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Demographic history of Poland § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588), "Ukraine: History: Lithuanian and Polish rule", "Union of Lublin: Poland-Lithuania [1569]", "Procesy integracyjne i dezintegracyjne na ziemiach litewskich w toku dziejów", "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės administracinis teritorinis suskirstymas", "Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės kanceliarinės slavų kalbos termino nusakymo problema", "Lietuvių kalba: poreikis ir vartojimo mastai (XV a. antra pusė – XVI a. antra pusė)", "Rusini w Rzeczypospolitej Wielu Narodów i ich obecność w tradycji Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego – problem historyczny czy czynnik tworzący współczesność? Ethnic Lithuanians were very dedicated to their faith. Name of Lithuania (Litua) was first mentioned in 1009 in Annals of Quedlinburg. Lithuanian resistance to a union was strong, but, when Sigismund II Augustus (grand duke of Lithuania 1544–72; king of Poland 1548–72) attached one-third of Lithuania’s territories (Volhynia, Kiev, Bratslav, and Podlasia) to Poland, the Lithuanians had to accept the Union of Lublin (1569). Sigismund Augustus maintained both Polish- and Lithuanian-speaking courts. Due to the work of the Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation the university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gimtoji istorija 2: Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis). At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. He also led the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. [21] The formal acknowledgement of common interests and the establishment of a hierarchy among the signatories of the treaty foreshadowed the emergence of the state. He strengthened Lithuanian control in Black Ruthenia and fought with the Livonian Order, winning the Battle of Karuse in 1270 and the Battle of Aizkraukle in 1279. (2003). [10] They were invaded by Russia in 1792. This page was last changed on 3 July 2018, at 18:53. It was started by the Lithuanians. [24] The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the Battle of Skuodas in 1259 and the Battle of Durbe in 1260. [27] During his reign Lithuania engaged in constant warfare with the Order, the Kingdom of Poland, and Ruthenia. From the time of Vytautas, there are fewer remaining documents written in Ruthenian than there are in Latin and German, but later Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writings, especially in eastern and southern parts of the Duchy. Polish influence subsequently began to replace Russian influence in Lithuania. By the 15th century the dynasty had become Slavic in culture (a version of Belarusian was the official language…, …his skillful dealings with the Polish-Lithuanian state, which had expanded down the Dnieper basin and into Slavic territories on the south flank of Moscow. Because of strong enemies in the south and north, the newly formed Lithuanian state concentrated most of its military and diplomatic efforts on expansion eastward. The subjugation of Eastern Slavs by two powers created substantial differences between them that persist to this day. In the mid and late 17th century, due to Russian and Swedish invasions, there was much devastation and population loss on throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,[58] including ethnic Lithuanian population in Vilnius surroundings. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, and further galvanized the formation of the Lithuanian state. The expansion of the state reached its height under Grand Duke Gediminas, who created a strong central government and established an empire that later spread from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. In 1362, regiments of the Grand Duchy army defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle at Blue Waters. CD. Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitia were the core voivodeships of the state, being part of Lithuania Proper, as evidenced by the privileged position of their governors in state authorities, such as the Council of Lords. [14] However, the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253–1795, Grand Duchy of Lithuania administrative map, Zenonas Norkus. Nevertheless, it soon became the subordinate member of the new state. [10] Lithuanian noblemen, including the Radvila family, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. CD. He hoped to unite all Baltic tribes under the Lithuanian leadership. Gediminaičiai ir Jogailaičiai prie Vytauto palikimo. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, reports that by the mid-1230s, Mindaugas had acquired supreme power in the whole of Lithuania. The battle ended in a decisive Polish-Lithuanian victory against the Teutonic Order. Vytautas was one of the most famous rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, serving as the Grand Duke from 1401 to 1430, and as the Prince of Hrodna (1370–1382) and the Prince of Lutsk (1387–1389). While the battle is remembered as one of the greatest Lithuanian victories, Muscovy ultimately prevailed in the war. [7] In 1386 Jogaila changed the religion to Catholicism. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. [55] By the time of the largest expansion towards Rus' lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km2, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically Lithuanian.[54][56]. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Retrospective of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires, Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–91), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania&oldid=983937304, Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, States and territories established in the 13th century, States and territories disestablished in the 18th century, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [18] In the 12th century, Slavic chronicles refer to Lithuania as one of the areas attacked by the Rus'. In 1320, most of the principalities of western Rus' were either vassalized or annexed by Lithuania. [6] It was a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state, with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage. Being more similar to a simple population the local szlachta spoke Lithuanian to a bigger extent than in the areas close to the capital Vilnius, which itself had become a centre of intensive linguistic Polonization of surrounding areas since the 18th century. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, a polytheistic Baltic tribe from Aukštaitija. These languages included Lithuanian, Ruthenian,[46][47] Polish and, to a lesser extent (mostly in early diplomatic communication), Latin and German. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, a polytheistic Baltic tribe from Aukštaitija.[3][4][5]. [43] Ruthenians were native to the east-central and south-eastern parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [13] As time passed, the suffix -ava could have changed into -uva, as the two are from the same suffix branch. Pressed by the crusading Teutonic and Livonian Knights, the Lithuanian tribes united under Mindaugas (d. 1263) and Between 1492 and 1508, Ivan III further consolidated Muscovy, winning the key Battle of Vedrosha and regaining such ancient lands of Kievan Rus' as Chernihiv and Bryansk. The Lithuanians, however, also remained involved with their western neighbours; in 1385, under pressure from the hostile Teutonic Knights, the grand duke Jogaila (reigned 1377–1434) concluded a pact with Poland (Union of Krewo), agreeing to accept the Roman Catholic faith, marry the Polish queen, become king of Poland, and unite Poland and Lithuania under a single ruler. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Mindaugas allied with the Livonian Order. Jogaila took the Polish name Władysław II Jagiełło. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, a polytheistic Baltic tribe from Aukštaitija. This page was last edited on 17 October 2020, at 04:34. Gradually this network developed into the main defensive line against the Teutonic Order. Prussian tribes (of Baltic origin) were the subject of Polish expansion, which was largely unsuccessful, so Duke Konrad of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to settle near the Prussian area of settlement. In 1812, just prior to the French invasion of Russia, the former Grand Duchy revolted against the Russians. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated Livonia from Prussia, the main target of both orders. The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century.

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