Structural Design from First Principles. beams, columns, braces, plate, trusses, and fasteners. Structural Steel – the structural elements that make up the frame that are essential to supporting the design loads, e.g. DOI link for Structural Design from First Principles. In any building design, the strength and stability of an overall building and its individual components must be considered. The structure to be analysed and designed may be of masonry, R.C or steel as shown in figure (1). Calculations – structural analysis tabulations performed and documented by the structural Engineer of record to size all structural elements, braces, and Latest books on textile, apparel and fashion, Home » (PDF) Principles of Structural Design Wood Steel and Concrete Second Edition By Ram S Gupta.pdf | Prabir Datta - Academia.edu Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. What does a structural engineer typically do? Structural Design from First Principles book. Check to see if the shape of the structure and arrangement will fulfill the function it was intended for. Chabot Engineering www.chabotengineering.com. As such, the guide is organized around the following major objectives: • One and two family dwellings • Typically wood framed construction in this part of the world. eBook Published 29 January 2018 . Structural Design for Residential Construction Cynthia Chabot, P.E. Structural principles - Forces. This involves structural calculations to work out the effects of all the forces acting on any component in the building and on the building overall. 2306.4.2Lumbersheathedshearwalls.Singleanddouble Structural Design from First Principles book. Chen & E.M. Lui PDF; The book about Principles of Structural Design is among other series of Handbooks being published by CRC publishers. DOI link for Structural Design from First Principles. Structural Shapes – standard steel configurations produced by steel mills such as wide flanges, channels, angles, pipe, tubes, etc. Conceive your structure. Structural design is a systematic and iterative process that involves: 1) Identification of intended use and occupancy of a structure – by owner 2) Development of architectural plans and layout – by architect 3) Identification of structural framework – by engineer 4) Estimation of structural loads … (Central Mass.) Others 2. Structural design is the systematic and precise investigation and examination of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. Basic Principles of Structural Analysis: Structural engineering involves an extensive variety of structural systems to deal with such as buildings, bridges, sports stadiums, radio and television towers, arches, storage tanks, aircraft and space structures, concrete pavements, etc. The structure to which these first principle should apply are practical, useful, modest, connected to the rest of the world….they have foundations, mass, structural integrity, and in the right hands can be made to actually work beginning with the principles in the book. If you notice any copyright material please contact us immediately at, Principles of Structural Design: Wood, Steel, and Concrete, Third Edition PDF by Ram S. Gupta, Preface......................................................................xv, Author...........................................................................................xvii, Chapter 1 Design Criteria..................................................................1, Classification of Buildings............................................................................................1, Building Codes..............................................................................................................1, Standard Unit Loads......................................................................................................1, Tributary Area...............................................................................................................1, Elastic and Plastic Designs............................................................................................9, Elastic Moment Capacity........................................................................................ 10, Plastic Moment Capacity........................................................................................ 11, Combinations of Loads............................................................................................... 13, Other Loads................................................................................................................. 14, Continuous Load Path for Structural Integrity........................................................... 17, Problems...................................................................................................................... 17, Chapter 2 Primary Loads: Dead Loads and Live Loads........................23, Dead Loads.................................................................................................................23, Live Loads...................................................................................................................23, Floor Live Loads.........................................................................................................24, Basic Design Live Load, L0....................................................................................24, Effective Area Reduction Factor............................................................................25, Other Provisions for Floor Live Loads........................................................................27, Roof Live Loads, Lr.....................................................................................................27, Tributary Area Reduction Factor, R1......................................................................28, Slope Reduction Factor...........................................................................................28, Problems......................................................................................................................28, Chapter 3 Snow Loads........................................ 31, Introduction................................................................................................................. 31, Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs............................................................... 31, Balanced Snow Load...................................................................................................34, Importance Factor..................................................................................................34, Thermal Factor, Ct.................................................................................................. 35, Exposure Factor, Ce................................................................................................ 35, Roof Slope Factor, Cs.............................................................................................. 35, Rain-On-Snow Surcharge...........................................................................................36, Partial Loading of the Balanced Snow Load..............................................................38, Unbalanced across the Ridge Snow Load...................................................................38, Snow Drift from a Higher to a Lower Roof................................................................40, Leeward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Attached Structure.................................. 41, Windward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Attached Structure............................... 42, Leeward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Separated Structure................................. 42, Windward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Separated Structure.............................. 43, Sliding Snow Load on Lower Roof............................................................................. 45, Sliding Snow Load on Separated Structures............................................................... 47, Problems...................................................................................................................... 47, Chapter 4 Wind Loads..................................................... 51, Introduction................................................................................................................. 51, Definition of Terms..................................................................................................... 51, Wind Hazard Maps..................................................................................................... 52, Procedures for MWFRS............................................................................................. 52, Simplified Procedure for MWFRS for Low-Rise Buildings...................................... 52, Horizontal Pressure Zones for MWFRS................................................................ 53, Vertical Pressure Zones for MWFRS.................................................................... 62, Minimum Pressure for MWFRS............................................................................ 62, Procedures for Components and Cladding................................................................. 71, Simplified Procedure for Components and Cladding for Low-Rise Buildings.......... 72, Minimum Pressures for C and C............................................................................ 72, Problems......................................................................................................................89, Chapter 5 Earthquake Loads......................................................... 91, Seismic Forces............................................................................................................. 91, Seismic Design Procedures......................................................................................... 91, Definitions...................................................................................................................92, Structural Height....................................................................................................92, Stories above Base and Grade Plane......................................................................92, Fundamental Period of Structure...........................................................................93, Site Classification...................................................................................................93, Seismic Ground Motion Values..................................................................................94, Mapped Acceleration Parameters...........................................................................94, Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Spectral, Response Acceleration Parameters........................................................................94, Adjustments to Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters for Site Class, Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters..............................................................95, Design Response Spectrum....................................................................................95, Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedure................................................................... 104, Importance Factor, I.................................................................................................. 105, Seismic Design Category.......................................................................................... 105, Exemptions from Seismic Designs............................................................................ 106, Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure to Determine Seismic Force................ 106, Effective Weight of Structure, W.......................................................................... 106, Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs......................................................................... 106, Minimum Value of Cs........................................................................................... 107, Maximum SDS Value in Determining Cs.............................................................. 107, Response Modification Factor or Coefficient, R 107, Distribution of Seismic Forces.................................................................................. 108, Distribution of Seismic Forces on Vertical Wall Elements.................................. 109, Distribution of Seismic Forces on Horizontal Elements (Diaphragms)............... 110, Design Earthquake Load in Load Combinations...................................................... 110, Vertical Seismic Load Effect (Evertical).................................................................. 111, Maximum SDS Value in Determining Evertical........................................................ 111, Soil–Structure Interaction......................................................................................... 115, Problems.................................................................................................................... 116, Chapter 6 Wood Specifications.................................................................................................. 119, Engineering Properties and Design Requirements................................................... 119, Format Conversion Factor, KF.............................................................................. 120, Resistance Factor, ϕ............................................................................................. 120, Time Effect Factor, λ............................................................................................ 121, Wet Service Factor, CM......................................................................................... 121, Temperature Factor, Ct......................................................................................... 121, Fire Retardant Treatment Factor.......................................................................... 122, Design with Sawn Lumber........................................................................................ 122, More Factors Applicable to Lumber......................................................................... 125, Incising Factor, Ci................................................................................................. 125, Size Factor, CF...................................................................................................... 125, Size Factor, CF, for Dimension Lumber........................................................... 125, Size Factor, CF, for Timber.............................................................................. 125, Repetitive Member Factor, Cr............................................................................... 125, Flat Use Factor, Cfu............................................................................................... 126, Buckling Stiffness Factor, CT............................................................................... 126, Bearing Area Factor, Cb....................................................................................... 126, LRFD Basis Lumber Design..................................................................................... 126, Structural Glued Laminated Timber......................................................................... 130, Reference Design Values for GLULAM................................................................... 131, Adjustment Factors for GLULAM............................................................................ 132, Flat Use Factor for GLULAM, Cfu....................................................................... 132, Volume Factor for GLULAM, Cv......................................................................... 132, Curvature Factor for GLULAM, Cc..................................................................... 134, Stress Interaction Factor, CI.................................................................................. 134, Shear Reduction Factor, Cvr.................................................................................. 134, Structural Composite Lumber................................................................................... 136, Adjustment Factors for Structural Composite Lumber............................................. 137, Repetitive Member Factor, Cr................................................................................... 137, Volume Factor, Cv...................................................................................................... 137, Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)............................................................................... 139, Effective Flexure Stiffness and Flexural Strength.................................................... 141, Effective Shear Strength Factor................................................................................ 142, Effective Shear Stiffness........................................................................................... 143, Summary of Adjustment Factors............................................................................... 144, Problems.................................................................................................................... 146, Chapter 7 Flexure and Axially Loaded Wood Structures......................................................... 149, Introduction............................................................................................................... 149, Design of Beams....................................................................................................... 149, Bending Criteria of Design....................................................................................... 149, Beam Stability Factor, CL.......................................................................................... 151, Effective Unbraced Length................................................................................... 153, Shear Criteria............................................................................................................ 154, Shear Strength of Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL............................................ 155, Shear Strength of CLT.......................................................................................... 155, Deflection Criteria..................................................................................................... 156, Deflection of Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL................................................... 156, Deflection of CLT...................................................................................................... 157, Creep Deflection........................................................................................................ 159, Bearing at Supports................................................................................................... 164, Bearing Area Factor, Cb....................................................................................... 164, Design of Axial Tension Members............................................................................ 166, Design of Columns.................................................................................................... 168, Column Stability Factor, CP...................................................................................... 169, Critical Buckling for Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL....................................... 170, Critical Buckling for CLT......................................................................................... 171, Design for Combined Bending and Compression..................................................... 172, Problems.................................................................................................................... 177, Chapter 8 Wood Connections.................................................................................................... 183, Types of Connections and Fasteners......................................................................... 183, Dowel-Type Fasteners (Nails, Screws, Bolts, Pins)................................................... 183, Yield Limit Theory for Laterally Loaded Fasteners................................................. 184, Yield Mechanisms and Yield Limit Equations......................................................... 185, Reference Design Values for Lateral Loads (Shear Connections)............................ 187, Reference Design Values for Withdrawal Loads...................................................... 187, Adjustments of the Reference Design Values........................................................... 187, Wet Service Factor, CM......................................................................................... 187, Temperature Factor, Ct......................................................................................... 187, Group Action Factor, Cg....................................................................................... 188, Geometry Factor, CΔ............................................................................................ 188, End Grain Factor, Ceg........................................................................................... 191, Diaphragm Factor, Cdi.......................................................................................... 191, Toenail Factor, Ctn................................................................................................ 191, Nail and Screw Connections..................................................................................... 194, Common, Box, and Sinker Nails.......................................................................... 194, Post-Frame Ring Shank Nails.............................................................................. 194, Wood Screws........................................................................................................ 195, Bolt and Lag Screw Connections.............................................................................. 197, Bolts...................................................................................................................... 197, Lag Screws........................................................................................................... 197, Problems.................................................................................................................... 199, Chapter 9 Tension Steel Members.............................................................................................203, Properties of Steel.....................................................................................................203, Provisions for Design Steel Structures......................................................................203, Unified Design Specifications...................................................................................204, Limit States of Design..........................................................................................204, Design of Tension Members......................................................................................205, Tensile Strength of Elements.....................................................................................205, Net Area, An..........................................................................................................206, Shear Lag Factor, U...................................................................................................208, Bolted Connection.....................................................................................................208, Welded Connection...................................................................................................209, For HSS Shapes......................................................................................................... 210, Block Shear Strength................................................................................................. 211, Design Procedure for Tension Members................................................................... 213, Problems.................................................................................................................... 215, Chapter 10 Compression Steel Members..................................................................................... 221, Strength of Compression Members or Columns....................................................... 221, Local Buckling Criteria.............................................................................................223, Flexural Buckling Criteria........................................................................................224, Effective Length Factor for Slenderness Ratio.........................................................224, Limit States for Compression Design.......................................................................227, Nonslender Members.................................................................................................228, Flexural Buckling of Nonslender Members in Elastic and Inelastic Regions......228, Inelastic Buckling.................................................................................................229, Elastic Buckling...................................................................................................229, Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Nonslender Members..................229, Single-Angle Members.............................................................................................. 231, Built-Up Members..................................................................................................... 231, Slender Compression Members................................................................................. 231, Effective Width of Slender Elements, be................................................................... 231, Use of the Compression Tables................................................................................. 232, Problems....................................................................................................................234, Chapter 11 Flexural Steel Members............................................................................................ 241, Basis of Design.......................................................................................................... 241, Nominal Strength of Steel in Flexure....................................................................... 241, Lateral Unsupported Length..................................................................................... 241, Fully Plastic Zone with Adequate Lateral Support................................................... 243, Inelastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone................................................................ 243, Modification Factor Cb..............................................................................................244, Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone...................................................................244, Noncompact and Slender Beam Sections for Flexure...............................................244, Compact Full Plastic Limit.......................................................................................246, Noncompact Flange Local Buckling.........................................................................246, Slender Flange Local Buckling.................................................................................246, Summary of Beam Relations....................................................................................246, Design Aids...............................................................................................................248, Shear Strength of Steel.............................................................................................. 251, Beam Deflection Limitations.................................................................................... 252, Problems....................................................................................................................254, Chapter 12 Combined Forces on Steel Members........................................................................ 257, Design Approach to Combined Forces..................................................................... 257, Combination of Tensile and Flexure Forces.............................................................. 258, Combination of Compression and Flexure Forces: The Beam-Column Members........259, Members without Sidesway.................................................................................. 259, Members with Sidesway.......................................................................................260, Magnification Factor B1........................................................................................ 261, Moment Modification Factor, Cm......................................................................... 261, K Values for Braced Frames.................................................................................264, Braced Frame Design................................................................................................264, Magnification Factor for Sway, B2.............................................................................268, K Values for Unbraced Frames.................................................................................269, Unbraced Frame Design............................................................................................ 270, Open-Web Steel Joists............................................................................................... 274, Joist Girders...............................................................................................................277, Problems.................................................................................................................... 278, Chapter 13 Steel Connections......................................................................................................287, Types of Connections and Joints...............................................................................287, Bolted Connections...................................................................................................289, High-Strength Bolts..............................................................................................290, Types of Connections...........................................................................................290, Specifications for Spacing of Bolts and Edge Distance............................................ 291, Bearing-Type Connections........................................................................................292, Limit State of Shear Rupture....................................................................................293, Bearing and Tearout Limit State..........................................................................294, Slip-Critical Connections..........................................................................................296, Tensile Load on Bolts................................................................................................299, Combined Shear and Tensile Forces on Bolts...........................................................300, Combined Shear and Tension on Bearing-Type Connections..............................300, Combined Shear and Tension on Slip-Critical Connections................................303, Welded Connections..................................................................................................304, Groove Welds............................................................................................................305, Effective Area of Groove Weld............................................................................305, Fillet Welds................................................................................................................305, Effective Area of Fillet Weld................................................................................305, Minimum Size of Fillet Weld...............................................................................306, Maximum Size of Fillet Weld..............................................................................306, Length of Fillet Weld............................................................................................306, Strength of Weld........................................................................................................306, CJP Groove Welds................................................................................................306, PJP Welds and Fillet Welds..................................................................................306, Frame Connections................................................................................................... 310, Shear or Simple Connection for Frames................................................................... 310, Single-Plate Shear Connection or Shear Tab....................................................... 310, Framed-Beam Connection.................................................................................... 311, Seated-Beam Connection..................................................................................... 311, End-Plate Connection........................................................................................... 311, Single-Plate Shear Connection for Frames............................................................... 312, Moment-Resisting Connection for Frames............................................................... 315, Problems.................................................................................................................... 317, Chapter 14 Flexural Reinforced Concrete Members................................................................... 325, Properties of Reinforced Concrete............................................................................ 325, Compression Strength of Concrete........................................................................... 325, Design Strength of Concrete..................................................................................... 326, Strength of Reinforcing Steel.................................................................................... 327, Load Resistance Factor Design Basis of Concrete.................................................... 327, Reinforced Concrete Beams...................................................................................... 328, Derivation of the Beam Relations............................................................................. 328, Strain Diagram and Modes of Failure....................................................................... 330, Balanced and Recommended Steel Percentages....................................................... 331, Minimum Percentage of Steel................................................................................... 331, Strength Reduction Factor for Concrete.................................................................... 332, Specifications for Beams........................................................................................... 332, Analysis of Beams..................................................................................................... 334, Design of Beams....................................................................................................... 335, Design for Reinforcement Only........................................................................... 335, Design of Beam Section and Reinforcement........................................................ 337, One-Way Slab............................................................................................................ 339, Specifications for Slabs.............................................................................................340, Analysis of One-Way Slab.........................................................................................340, Design of One-Way Slab........................................................................................... 341, Problems.................................................................................................................... 343, Chapter 15 Doubly and T-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Beams.................................................. 347, Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams......................................................................... 347, Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams.....................................................................349, Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams........................................................................ 352, Monolithic Slab and Beam (T-Beams)...................................................................... 354, Analysis of T-Beams................................................................................................. 355, Design of T-Beams.................................................................................................... 357, Problems....................................................................................................................360, Chapter 16 Shear and Torsion in Reinforced Concrete...............................................................365, Stress Distribution in Beam......................................................................................365, Diagonal Cracking of Concrete................................................................................. 367, Strength of Web (Shear) Reinforced Beam...............................................................368, Shear Contribution of Concrete.................................................................................369, Shear Contribution of Web Reinforcement...............................................................369, Specifications for Web (Shear) Reinforcement......................................................... 370, Analysis for Shear Capacity...................................................................................... 372, Design for Shear Capacity......................................................................................... 373, Torsion in Concrete................................................................................................... 376, Provision for Torsional Reinforcement..................................................................... 378, Problems....................................................................................................................380, Chapter 17 Compression and Combined Forces Reinforced Concrete Members....................... 387, Types of Columns...................................................................................................... 387, Pedestals...............................................................................................................387, Columns with Axial Loads.................................................................................. 387, Short Columns with Combined Loads................................................................. 387, Large or Slender Columns with Combined Loads............................................... 387, Axially Loaded Columns.......................................................................................... 388, Strength of Spirals..................................................................................................... 389, Specifications for Columns.......................................................................................390, Analysis of Axially Loaded Columns....................................................................... 391, Design of Axially Loaded Columns......................................................................... 393, Short Columns with Combined Loads...................................................................... 396, Effects of Moment on Short Columns.......................................................................397, Case 1: Only Axial Load Acting..........................................................................397, Case 2: Large Axial Load and Small Moment (Small Eccentricity)................... 398, Case 3: Large Axial Load and Moment Larger than Case 2 Section................... 398, Case 4: Large Axial Load and Moment Larger than Case 3 Section................... 398, Case 5: Balanced Axial Load and Moment..........................................................399, Case 6: Small Axial Load and Large Moment.....................................................399, Case 7: No Appreciable Axial Load and Large Moment.....................................399, Characteristics of the Interaction Diagram............................................................... 401, Application of the Interaction Diagram.................................................................... 401, Analysis of Short Columns for Combined Loading..................................................402, Design of Short Columns for Combined Loading....................................................403, Long or Slender Columns..........................................................................................405, Problems....................................................................................................................405, Chapter 18 Pre-Stressed Concrete Structures......................409, Pre-Stressing of Concrete..........................................................................................409, Pre-Tensioning......................................................................................................409, Post-Tensioning.....................................................................................................409, Stressing and Anchorage Devices........................................................................ 411, Pre-Tensioning versus Post-Tensioning................................................................ 411, Materials for Pre-Stressed Concrete......................................................................... 411, High-Strength Steel.............................................................................................. 411, Allowable Stress in Pre-Stressed Steel................................................................. 412, High-Strength Concrete........................................................................................ 412, Shrinkage of Concrete.......................................................................................... 413, Creep of Concrete................................................................................................. 413, Allowable Stress in Concrete............................................................................... 414, Pre-Stress Losses....................................................................................................... 415, Loss Due to Elastic Shortening (ES).................................................................... 415, Loss Due to Shrinkage (SH) of Concrete............................................................. 416, Loss Due to Creep (CR) of Concrete.................................................................... 417, Loss Due to Relaxation (RE) of Steel.................................................................. 417, Loss Due to Friction (FL)..................................................................................... 418, Total Losses of Stress................................................................................................ 419, Analysis of Stresses during Pre-Stressing................................................................. 419, Tendon with Eccentricity.......................................................................................... 419, Stresses at Transfer............................................................................................... 420, Stresses at Service Load....................................................................................... 420, Ultimate Limit State Design..................................................................................... 426, Cracking Moment...................................................................................................... 426, Strains at Different Stages of Loading...................................................................... 427, Stage 1: At Transfer.............................................................................................. 427, Stage 2: After Application of External Load....................................................... 427, Stresses and Forces after Application of the Load.................................................... 428, Ultimate Moment Capacity....................................................................................... 429, Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement............................................................ 429, Ultimate Shear Strength Design................................................................................ 430, Shear Strength Provided by Concrete....................................................................... 431, Shear Capacity of Cracked Section (Flexure Induced Shearing)......................... 431, Shear Capacity of Uncracked Section (Web-Shear Cracking)............................. 432, Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement...................................................... 433, Problems.................................................................................................................... 434, Chapter 19 Application of Simulations in Structural Design..................... 437. 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