Gaining international acclaim. A heavier object is harder to speed up, so it’s impossible to ever actually get the particle up to a speed of c. Until Einstein, the concepts of mass and energy were viewed as completely separate. Because space-time curved, the objects moving through space would follow the “straightest” path along the curve, which explains the motion of the planets. If you were somewhere near a black hole and you measured the speed of light coming from your on-board laser, you would be disappointed to find it was still travelling at the usual speed. YEAH ! But he also realized that his special theory was limited and wanted to extend it. The clock at front of the ship is farther away, and gravity is slightly weaker. Gravitational and inertial mass are the same. But the day of the eclipse, the sky was cloudy. He was a year older than Einstein and had been his trusted friend and classmate in college. It is impossible to say "now" without saying "here" and "how fast". However, he was seen as a big celebrity, which made him uncomfortable. It took him four years to get it right. agitated everyone with +10 years studies in Science. If you and your relativistic dinner date arrive at the restaurant at the same time, it doesn’t matter that she was traveling at near the speed of light to get there and that she will not have aged as much as you. It always whizzes past at the same speed. In 1919, the respected British astronomer Arthur Eddington organized a second expedition, this time to the island of Principe in West Africa, to check Einstein’s prediction and the new value. The general theory of relativity is Einstein’s crowning achievement. This is exactly as Euclid would have predicted (Euclid being the ancient Greek guy who was the founding father of high school geometry, and who assumed that space just had to be flat). Its orbit was open and moved around, like a spinning top (see Figure 12-7). As strange as it seems, this example (and many others) demonstrates that in Einstein’s theory of relativity, space and time are intimately linked together. Special relativity tells you that your space doesn’t change as much as your friend’s, but your time changes more. away from the sun wearing special goggles that enabled you to see individual photons, as you Instead, he performed one of his famous thought experiments. i dreamt about this moment for so loooOOooOong! waaaa waaa ! Anyway, lets get back to earth. He calculated the impact that the warp of spacetime near the sun would have on Mercury’s orbit. slowed down by the same amount and your measurement of length has been compressed those same The Earth and all the other planets and comets in the solar system move in this distorted spacetime. Figure 12-10: The Doppler effect, or change in the wavelengths, of the moving signal. The most famous work of Einstein’s life also dates from 1905 (a busy year for him), when he applied the ideas of his relativity paper to come up with the equation E=mc2 that represents the relationship between mass (m) and energy (E). But it’s a real difference, nonetheless. time. The scientists in the laboratory feel the sensation of weight, as if they were back on the ground on Earth. In doing that, he came up with a theory of gravity that replaced Isaac Newton’s universal law of gravitation. However, by the time the signal gets to them, they’ve moved (by a tiny distance) away from where they were when the signal was emitted. Sixty years earlier, the French astronomer Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier had discovered that the orbit of Mercury didn’t close into an ellipse, like Johannes Kepler’s laws said it should (see Chapter 4). unit of length becomes and the slower your measurement of time becomes. While you’re falling, you’re weightless. The general theory is highly mathematical. For Einstein, these equations are there to label the details of the motion. But back on the mother ship hundreds of years might have elapsed. Not exactly. Einstein’s prediction has been tested successfully many times. Because motion is relative, you could say that I am the one moving, along with the Earth and the whole solar system, at 0.9c away from you. Einstein accepted and was elated. photons seen from inside the starship will seem to be whizzing past at the same speed as they had If you’re flying by plane on Earth, you follow a path that curves around the Earth. He wouldn’t feel gravity. . How many rubber sheets are needed to cover an entire sphere, so that any missile from any direction can orbit or get drawn into say the earth?Trouble is he uses gravity to explain gravity -- you know the dimple formed by the weight of the body on the rubber sheet. The theory of relativity was revolutionary because it showed how the speed at which time happens is mutable; that space and time are not discrete … The same goes for the larger rock, but the larger rock has twice as many cubes, so the total force on this rock is twice as large. From your perspective, while your friend was traveling, her space was shortened and her time lengthened (meaning time flowed at a slower rate). Can relativity help me? The faster you throw them, the farther out they fall. But, have all these strange ideas been checked? His paper starts with the statement that all the laws of physics must be valid in any reference frame in any kind of motion. After he published his final version of the general theory in 1916, Einstein once again calculated the value of light’s deflection as it passes the sun. Actually, the idea of time and length being relative to our speed was proposed first as a way of explaining an observation that puzzled everyone. He said that all objects, regardless of their mass, when dropped at the same time and from the same height, hit the ground together. If your friend is traveling at a good fraction of the speed of light relative to you, next Friday for her may be in February of 2027 for you. The second principle assures that space and time are treated the same. Einstein calculated that a light beam from a star grazing the sun would be deflected by a tiny angle, about the size of a penny seen 21/2 kilometers (11/2 miles) away. At about this time, Einstein asked Grossmann to help him with the complicated mathematics. Einstein wanted to extend the theory. So is everything relative? His beautifully organized class notes had served Einstein very well in studying for his exams. Some time later, they decide to check the ship’s acceleration again. In 1911, Einstein had done enough work on general relativity to predict how much the light should curve in this situation, which should be visible to astronomers during an eclipse. In other words, you and Amber would see different paths for the light and, more importantly, those paths aren’t even the same length. Matter can be turned into energy and energy can be turned into matter because a fundamental connection exists between the two types of substance. General relativity takes the form of field equations, describing the curvature of space-time and the distribution of matter throughout space-time. Your spacetime and her spacetime are the same.

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