The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same Arabian tribe (that of the Quraish). For instance, by 710 AD, the Umayyads had managed to gain control of the entire North Africa region. [22] The Qurashi elite did not hold Ali responsible, but opposed his accession under the circumstances of Uthman's demise. In the early 7th century, prior to their conversion to Islam, the main branches of the Umayyads were the Aʿyās and the ʿAnābisa. Eventually, the challenges led to its decline (Berkey 45-46). The Sufyanid line founded by Mu'awiya failed in 683 and Umayyad authority was challenged in the Second Muslim Civil War , but the dynasty ultimately prevailed under Marwan I , who founded the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs. As one of the lone survivors of the Umayyad Dynasty after the Abbasids defeated the Umayyad Caliphate, Abd al-Rahman bridged the Umayyad Caliphate and the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba in Spain. In 630 AD, Muhammad managed to conquer Mecca with the assistance of his followers. Pilgrimage is also known as Hajj. [18], Uthman ibn Affan, a wealthy Umayyad merchant, early convert to Islam and son-in-law and close companion of Muhammad succeeded Caliph Umar upon the latter's death in 644. The Umayyad Empire expanded because of several reasons. The Banu Umayya (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ‎, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Within this context, Muʿāwiyah ruled as a traditional Arab chieftain. Second, “the empire’s military prestige had been damaged by the failure of the second attempt to size Constantinople” (Johnson 67). answer! 2020. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory. For instance, Umar II was succeeded by a series of incapable Caliphs (Johnson 67). Government officials abandoned the use of Greek and Persian languages. The Banu Abd-Shams was the most influential clan in Mecca. The third Fitna had a devastating effect on the Umayyad Empire. The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. This led to its eventual collapse because of the rebellions from various factions within the empire. This led to the eventual collapse of the Umayyad dynasty (Agha 66-69). Print. [27], The reunification of the Muslim community under Mu'awiya's leadership marked the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty. [11] Though Mecca retained its paramountcy as a religious center, Medina continued to serve as the political center of the Muslims. Despite the vastness of the Umayyad Empire, it remained stable and powerful for a considerable period. (2020) 'The Umayyad Empire: Rise, Growth and Fall'. [3] Della Vida further asserts that since the Umayyads who appear at the beginning of Muslim history in the early 7th century were no later than third-generation descendants of Umayya, the latter's existence is highly plausible. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. Need a custom Report sample written from scratch by This was due to a lack of effective leadership. "The Umayyad Empire: Rise, Growth and Fall." The bureaucratic system of governance enabled the Umayyad Caliph to control the empire effectively from its capital in Damascus (Hawting 98-99). Some of the major activities and events that occurred during the Umayyad Dynasty were the second and the third Fitnas (Kennedy 78-79). Therefore, everyone in the empire was required to use the Arabic language. It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية ‎, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. As a result, a good number of Mecca residents including the Abdu Shams clan, were converted to Islam. Agha, Saleh Said. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? It is ironic that a man who was to become the political-religious head of Islam was born into a clan (ʿAbd Shams) that rejected the Prophet Muhammad in his home city, Mecca, and continued to oppose him on the battlefield after he had emigrated to Medina. Abd al-Malik was the most important Caliph in the history of the Umayyad Empire. As a kinsman of the slain caliph ʿUthmān, Muʿāwiyah bore the duty of revenge. [10] An Umayyad chieftain, Abu Sufyan, thereafter became the leader of the Meccan army that fought the Muslims under Muhammad at the battles of Uhud and the Trench. The Umayyad Empire grew because of various factors, such as a common language, currency, and pilgrimage. Muʿāwiyah did not become a Muslim until Muhammad had conquered Mecca and had reconciled his former enemies by gifts. [1], It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية‎, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Umayyad Dynasty was one of the major caliphate dynasties, ruling from 661 to 750, expanding rapidly to become the largest empire in the world. “The major artistic influence came from the late antique classical naturalistic tradition” (Kennedy 116). Resorting to a trick that played upon the religious sensibilities of ʿAlī’s forces, he persuaded the enemy to enter into negotiations that ultimately cast doubt on the legitimacy of ʿAlī’s caliphate and alienated a sizable number of his supporters. [1] The Quraysh derived prestige among the Arab tribes through their protection and maintenance of the Ka'aba, which at the time was regarded by the largely polytheistic Arabs across the Arabian Peninsula as their most sacred sanctuary. Abu Bakr was the first of the four initial caliphs referred collectively by the mainstream Sunni Muslims as the Rashidun Caliphs, while the Shia Muslims only consider the fourth one of these, Ali (a close comp… Kennedy, Hugh. Prior to the advent of Islam, the Umayyads were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca. May 25, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-umayyad-empire-rise-growth-and-fall/. The Umayyads also expanded their empire to the West. This page was last changed on 7 October 2020, at 19:28. Finally, in 750 the Abbasid Revolution overthrew Caliph Marwan II and massacred most of the family. Print. Plunged into the emesa homs after … Berkey, Jonathan. “Following his victory in the second Fitna, Abd al-Malik consolidated his power in Iran and Iraq” (Hawting 103). Most scholars attribute it … Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan was the first Umayyad caliph, ruling from 661 to 680. They were members of the Banu Abd-Shams sub-clan (Hawting 56). Uthmann’s assassination led to the outbreak of the first Muslims’ civil war known as the Fitna (Agha 45). Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site. The Byzantines had a bureaucratic system of governance. [4], Two of the sons of Abūʾl-ʿĀṣ, ʿAffān and al-Ḥakam, each fathered future caliphs, ʿUthmān and Marwān I, respectively. IvyPanda. Al-Walid also managed to attain great success during his reign. It established the first Islamic government that had a major influence in North Africa, the Middle East, and some parts of Europe. [29] 'Uqba's son, al-Walid, served as 'Uthman's governor in Kufa for a brief period. The Umayyad Empire was headed by an absolute monarch called a caliph. One of Muawiya’s major goals was to conquer Constantinople. New York: Routledge, 2002. Services, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. A number of their sacred constructions were situated in areas that had symbolic significance. As an alternative to the various unreliable precedents for selecting a caliph, this measure was certainly consonant with Muʿāwiyah’s policy and achievement as caliph, which, in summary, consisted of invigorating the theocratic origins of Islamic governance with borrowings from other traditions better adapted to the demands of tribesmen and the needs of an empire. He continually emphasized the significance of the role of the Islamic religion in the advancement and success of the Umayyad Empire. As a governor, he earned great respect from his soldiers due to the successful conquests against neighbouring empires.

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