It is not found in Christian literature until the Letter of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians, but even here it is applied to the Old Testament priestly hierarchy and not to the church. [37] The Code made use of the ecclesiology of Vatican Council II. [24] Cfr. The Church became an imperial Church with privileged status based on toleration. S. Holland, “Equality, Dignity and Rights of the laity” in The Jurist 47, 1987, 103-128, p. 115. From the beginning of the third century, the two terms “clergy” and “laity” became suddenly significant terms in the Church and their usage became more common. [12], One can also speak about those lay people who had high educational background and played great roles in the Church, particularly in the area of theology. The lack of understanding on the part of the Church hierarchy was deepened with the onset of the American Revolution (1776) and French Revolution (1789). "[53], For Miller, "hindsight suggests that the institutional church and its leaders never fully embraced or understood lay ministry". The declaration looked back a decade to the Vatican Council II with appreciation for its "compelling vision of lay Christians in society." a. Liturgical Arena In the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, the Buddha famously said that "He would not pass away until the “Four-fold Assembly” is well-established in the learning and practice of Dhamma, and proficient in propagating His Sublime Teachings. “By divine institution, among Christ’s faithful there are in the Church sacred ministers, who in law are also called clerics, the others are called lay people”. Praying is one of the duties assigned to lay ministers, and this requirement is written into many of the job descriptions of lay persons in individual churches. The Buddha referred to his disciples as the “Four-fold Assembly” – the gatherings of ‘bhikkhū’ (monks), ‘bhikkhunī’ (nuns), ‘upasakā’ (laymen), and ‘upasikā’ (laywomen). Distinction between the laity and the clerics does not in any way disrupt the unity of the Body of Christ. It can be mentioned here that canon 107 with regard to its context, makes a distinction between laity and clerics but this distinction is rather a matter of internal ecclesial ordering. [16] This, however, widened the gap between the lay and the clerics in the Church. In the Church of England, these governing bodies range from a local parochial church council, through Deanery Synods and Diocesan Synods. [22] Thus, every Christian has a vocation to ministry. The term referred to an established group of Christian leaders (clergy) while those who did not belong to this group were being referred to as “laity”. [28], Anyone who is not a bishop, priest, or deacon in the Church. During this period of revolutions, radical changes began to be felt in the Western Church. In other words, Christianity was practised within Judaism for a period of time. All are humble servants of the people in the congregation and parish. However, the activities of the lay persons in the Church are understood in contrast to the clerical functions and roles in the Church. Priests may intend to support their parishioners' daily ministry, but their priority tends to be recruiting volunteers for the church's programs. Canon 87[23] of the 1917 Code defines a person in the Church by stating that, “by baptism a human person becomes a person in the Church of Christ, with all the rights and duties of a Christian, unless as far as rights are concerned there is some obstacle impeding the bond of communion with the Church, or a censure inflicted by the Church”. In its name, "C" stands for Christ, "12" stands for its ideal training group size. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was particularly concerned about any issue regarding the presence of the laity and their activities or role in the Church.

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